Antony and Cleopatra (53 page)

⁵
Dio 39. 57. 1–2, Strabo,
Geog.
17. 1. II; see also M. Siani-Davies, ‘Ptolemy XII Auletes and the Romans',
Historia
46 (1997), pp.306–340, esp. 323–327, Green (1990), pp.650–652, and G. Hölbl,
A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
(trans. T. Saavedra) (2001), pp.225–229.

⁶
See E. Badian, ‘The Early Career of A. Gabinius (cos. 58
BC)',
Philologus
103 (1958), pp.87–99.

⁷
Plutarch,
Antony
3, with C. Pelling (ed.),
Plutarch: Life of Antony
(1988), pp.120–122.

⁸
Josephus,
BJ
1. 160–178,
AJ
14. 27–104, with E. Sch¨rer, G. Vermes & F. Millar,
The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ,
Vol. 1 (1973), pp.233–242 and 267– 269.

⁹
Plutarch,
Antony
3, Dio 39. 57. 2–58. 3, Cicero,
Philippics
2. 48,
pro Rabirio Postumo
19–20, with A. Sherwin-White,
Roman Foreign Policy in the East 168
BC
to
AD
1
(1984), pp.271–279 for more detail.

¹⁰
Appian,
BC
5. 8.

¹¹
Plutarch,
Antony
4, with Pelling (1988), pp.123–126; on Gabinius see Gruen (1974), pp.322–331.

VIII C
ANDIDATE

¹
Dio 39. 59. 160. 4, 62. 1–63. 5, R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp.123–125 and 128–130, E. Gruen,
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(1974), pp.323–327.

²
Plutarch,
Crassus
16, Dio 39. 39. 3–8, with T. Rice Holmes,
The Roman Republic,
Vol. 2 (1923), pp.147–148.

³
For a summary of the campaign see T. Wiseman in
CAH
²
IX, pp.402–403.

⁴
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 48; Cicero,
ad Quintum Fratrem
3. 1. 15 for Gabinius' arrival in Rome.

⁵
Caesar,
BG
7. 65; for a discussion of Caesar's legates see Gruen (1974), pp.114–118.

⁶
Pliny,
NH
7. 92, Suetonius,
Caesar
54, 71, Plutarch,
Caesar
17.

⁷
Caesar first refers to Antony as a legate in Caesar,
BG
7. 31, but in
BG
8. 2 and subsequently he is a quaestor.

⁸
For officers in Gaul see K. Welch, ‘Caesar and his Officers in the Gallic War Commentaries', in K. Welch & A. Powell (eds.),
Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: The War Commentaries as Political Instruments
(1998), pp.85–110; on the public thanksgiving see Caesar,
BG
4. 38, Dio 39. 53. 1–2, and on the expedition in general see A. Goldsworthy,
Caesar: The Life of a Colossus
(2006), pp.278–292.

⁹
For a narrative of these operations see Goldsworthy (2006), pp.293–314.

¹⁰
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 49 on Caesar's support for his candidature.

¹¹
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 21, 49.

¹²
On the death of Clodius see Wiseman in
CAH
²
IX, pp.405–408, Rice Holmes (1923), pp.164–167.

¹³
Seager (2002), pp.133–139.

¹⁴
For discussions of elections see L. Taylor,
Party Politics in the Age of Caesar
(1949), esp. pp.50–75, and
Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar
(1966), esp. pp.78–106, A. Lintott, ‘Electoral Bribery in the Roman Republic',
JRS
80 (1990), pp.1–16, F. Millar,
The Crowd in the Late Roman Republic
(1998), H. Mouritsen,
Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic
(2001), esp. pp.63–89, and A. Yakobson, ‘Petitio et Largitio: Popular Participation in the Centuriate Assembly of the Late Republic',
JRS
8 (1992), pp.32–52.

¹⁵
Cicero,
Philippics
2. 50,
ad Att.
6. 6. 4, 7. 8. 5,
ad Fam.
2. 15. 4; for an account of the rebellion of 53–52
BC
see Goldsworthy (2006), pp.315–342; on favours shown to Vercingetorix by Caesar see Dio 40. 41. 1, 3.

¹⁶
Antony did not leave Rome until after Milo's trial, see Asconius 41 C; on Lucius Caesar as Legate in Transalpine Gaul see Caesar,
BG
7. 65.

¹⁷
Caesar,
BG
7. 81.

¹⁸
Caesar,
BG
8. 2; for an account of these operations see Goldsworthy (2006), pp.343–353.

¹⁹
Caesar,
BG
8. 24, 38.

²⁰
Caesar,
BG
8. 46–48;cf.8. 23 for the murder attempt against him.

IX ‘T
HE
N
EW
S
IBLING-LOVING
G
ODS
'

¹
Caesar,
BC
1. 4.

²
Caesar,
BC
3. 110, Valerius Maximus 4. 1. 15, Cicero,
pro Rabirio Postumo
34.

³
Cicero,
pro Rabirio Postumo
20, 34; Plutarch,
Pompey
78. For Italians/Romans serving with the armies of client kings, examples include Rufus and Gratus commanding parts of Herod the Great'sarmy in 4 BC, see Josephus,
BJ
2. 52, 58, 63, with E. Sch¨rer, G. Vermes & F. Millar,
The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ,
Vol. 1 (1973), pp.362–364.

⁴
Caesar,
BC
3. 110; on legionary pay see Suetonius,
Caesar
26, with discussion in G. Watson,
The Roman Soldier
(1969), pp.89–91; see also M. Siani-Davies, ‘Ptolemy XII Auletes and the Romans',
Historia
46 (1997), pp.306–340, esp. 338–339.

⁵
Cicero,
pro Rabirio Postumo
4–7, 19–29.

⁶
Cicero,
pro Rabirio Postumo
38–42; on the royal bureaucracy in general see D. Rathbone, ‘Ptolemaic to Roman Egypt: The Death of the Dirigiste State?', in E. Lo Cascio & D. Rathbone (eds.),
Production and Public Powers in Classical Antiquity
(2000), pp.44–54, M. Chauveau,
Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra
(trans. D. Lorton) (2000), pp.72–95, and J. Bingen,
Hellenistic Egypt: Monarchy, Society, Economy, Culture
(2007), pp.157–205.

⁷
P. Green,
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
(1990), pp.156–158, J. Tyldesley,
Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt
(2009), p. 81; on the Pharos see P. Fraser,
Ptolemaic Alexandria,
Vol. 1 (1972), pp.17–20.

⁸
Strabo,
Geog.
17. 1. 9–10, Chauveau (2000), pp.61–62.

⁹
Strabo,
Geog.
17. 1. 8, J. Ray,' Alexandria', in S. Walker & P. Higgs (eds.),
Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth
(2001), pp.32–37, and G. Grimm, ‘Alexandria in the Time of Cleopatra', in S. Walker & S. Ashton (eds.),
Cleopatra Reassessed
(2003), pp.45–49; on the Museum and Greek culture see also H. Maehler, ‘Alexandria, the Mouseion, and Cultural Identity', in A. Hirst & M. Silk (eds.),
Alexandria, Real and Imagined
(2004), pp.1–14.

¹⁰
Green (1990), pp.317–318.

¹¹
For Alexandria in general see Fraser (1972),
passim,
A. Bernard,
Alexandrie la Grande
(1998), and
Alexandrie des Ptolémees
(1995), G. Grimm,
Alexandria: Die erste Königsstadt der hellenistischen Welt
(1998), N. Finneran,
Alexandria: A City and Myth
(2005), pp.9–88, J-Y. Empereur,
Alexandria Rediscovered
(1998), F. Goddio,
L'Egypte Engloutie: Alexandrie
(2002), F. Goddio, with A. Bernard, E. Bernard, 1. Darwish, Z. Kiss & J. Yoyotte,
Alexandria: The Submerged Royal Quarters
(1998), and Chauveau (2000), pp.100–134.

¹²
In general see D. Thompson,
Memphis under the Ptolemies
(1988), esp. pp.3–31, G. Hölbl,
A History of the Ptolemaic Empire
(trans. T. Saavedra) (2001), pp.271–293.

¹³
M. Grant,
Cleopatra
(1972), p. 20, citing
CIG
4926, Hölbl (2001), pp.222–223, Green (1990), pp.649–650.

¹⁴
Caesar,
BC
3. 108.

¹⁵
Hölbl (2001), p. 230, and Bingen (2007), p. 66; the expression occurs in the inscription
OGIS
2. 741 dated to 31 May 52
BC.

¹⁶
Bingen (2007), pp.67–68.

¹⁷
Bingen (2007), pp.66–67.

¹⁸
On her appearance see Grant (1972), pp.65–67, E. Rice,
Cleopatra
(1999), pp.95–102, Walker & Higgs (2001), esp. S. Walker, ‘Cleopatra's Images: Reflections of Reality', pp.142–147, and G. Goudchaux, ‘Was Cleopatra Beautiful? The Conflicting Answers of Numismatics', pp.210–214, and also in Walker & Ashton (2003), esp. S. Walker, ‘Cleopatra VII at the Louvre', pp.71–74, and F. Johansen, ‘Portraits of Cleopatra — Do They Exist?', pp.75–77.

¹⁹
Dio 42. 34. 3–5 (Loeb translation by E. Cary (1916), p. 169); Plutarch,
Antony
27 (Oxford translation by R. Waterfield).

²⁰
Lucan,
Pharsalia
10. 127–143;
Candida Sidonio perlucent pectora filo, quod Nilotis acus impressum pectine serum, solvit et extenso laxavit stamina velo,
10. 140–142.

²¹
These were
Cleopatra: Portrait of a Killer
(Lion TV) shown on BBC television in the UK, and an episode on Cleopatra from the series
Egypt Unwrapped
(Atlantic TV) shown on Channel 5 in the UK.

²²
See J. Fletcher,
Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend
(2008), p. 87, and Walker & Higgs (2001), pp.314–315, n. 325.

X T
RIBUNE

¹
Caesar,
BG
8. 50.

²
Cicero,
De Divinatione
1. 30–33, 2. 70–83.

³
E. Gruen,
The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
(1974), pp.484–485 on this election; in generalsee A. Lintott,
The Constitution of the Roman Republic
(1999), pp.182– 190.

⁴
See Lintott (1999), pp.121–128.

⁵
Broughton,
MRR
2, pp.258–259; Caesar,
BG
8. 50.

⁶
On the fears surrounding the return of Pompey in 62
BC
see R. Seager,
Pompey the Great
(2002), pp.74–79; on the wider story of the years building up to the civil war in 49
BC
see M. Gelzer,
Caesar
(trans. P. Needham) (1968), pp.169–194, C. Meier,
Caesar
(trans. D. Mc Lintock) (1996), pp.330–348, and A. Goldsworthy,
Caesar: The Life of a Colossus
(2006), p. 358–379 for fuller accounts with references.

⁷
On the virtues of Cornelia see Plutarch,
Pompey
55.

⁸
Suetonius,
Caesar
30. 3.

⁹
On Crassus and the reluctance of anyone to prosecute him see the discussion in A. Ward,
Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic
(1977), p. 78, cf. Plutarch,
Crassus
7.

¹⁰
Caelius' quote from Cicero,
ad Fam.
8. 8. 9.

¹¹
Suetonius,
Caesar
29. 1, Plutarch,
Caesar
29,
Pompey
58, Dio 40. 60. 2–3, Appian,
BC
2. 26, Valerius Maximus 9. 1. 6, Velleius Paterculus 2. 48. 4; on revolving theatres see Pliny,
NH
36. 177; on Caelius' belief in Curio's planned opposition to Caesar see Cicero,
ad Fam.
8. 8. 10, moderated at 8. 10. 4.

¹²
Quotation from Cicero,
ad Fam.
8. 11. 3; for the earlier debate see Velleius 2. 48. 2–3, Plutarch,
Pompey
57,
Caesar
30,
Cato the Younger
51, and Dio 40. 62. 3; for discussion see Seager (2002), p. 144, and Gelzer (1968), pp.178–181.

¹³
Cicero,
ad Fam.
8. 11. 1.

¹⁴
Appian,
BC
2. 28, with a slightly different version in Plutarch,
Pompey
58, cf. Dio 60. 64. 1–4.

¹⁵
Caesar,
BC
1. 1–4.

¹⁶
Cicero,
ad Fam.
16. 11. 2,
ad Att.
8. 11d.

¹⁷
On Antony's appearance and style of oratory see Plutarch,
Antony
2, 4; on Pompey's comments and Cicero's reaction see Cicero,
ad Att.
7. 8, where he specifically refers to Antony as a quaestor and not as tribune, and also
ad Fam.
16. 11. 3; on Antony vomiting his words see Cicero,
ad Fam.
12. 2.

¹⁸
Caesar,
BC
1. 5, Dio 41. 1. 1–3. 4, Appian,
BC
2. 32–33.

¹⁹
For a more detailed discussion of the crossing of the Rubicon see Goldsworthy (2006), pp.377–379, and for the ancient sources see Suetonius,
Caesar
31–32, Plutarch,
Caesar
32, and Appian,
BC
2. 35; Suetonius,
Caesar
30. 4 for the quotation.