Authors: Philip Dwyer
Citizen Emperor (129 page)
| 82 . | Between 24 May and 15 June 1800, fifteen bulletins were dictated by Bonaparte and sent to Paris. Corr. vi. nos 4846, 4848, 4855, 4856, 4858, 4862, 4864, 4865, 4882, 4886, 4893, 4900, 4903, 4905, 4910. |
| 83 . | Corr. vi. n. 4846 (24 May 1800). |
| 84 . | Chandler, ‘“To Lie Like a Bulletin”’, 33–43; Chandler, ‘Adjusting the Record’, 326–32 and 378–85; Owen Connelly, Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military Campaigns (Wilmington, Del., 1987), pp. 66–70. |
| 85 . | Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power , pp. 2, 4, 169. |
| 86 . | Annie Jourdan, ‘Bonaparte et Desaix, une amitié inscrite dans la pierre des monuments?’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 324 (2001), 149–50. Within a week, the legend had become reality. A soldier by the name of Rué des Sagets wrote a long letter to his father on 3 July (that is, after he had had time to absorb the regime’s own propaganda on the subject): ‘he [Desaix] was carried by four grenadiers who loudly lamented him: “Speak softer my friends, he told them, be careful not to discourage the troops. Tell the First Consul that my regret is to not have done enough to pass into posterity.” And he died.’ Rué des Sagets to his father, G.M., ‘La bataille de Marengo, d’après un témoin bourbonnais’, Bulletin de la société d’émulation du Bourbonnais , xix (1911), 3780. |
| 87 . | Printed in the Moniteur universel , 3 messidor VIII (22 June 1800). On the portrayal of the death of Desaix in the press of the day see Raymond Monnier, ‘Vertu antique et nouveaux héros: la presse autour de la mort de Desaix et d’une bataille légendaire’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 324 (2001), 118–22. |
| 88 . | Suzanne Glover Lindsay, ‘Mummies and Tombs: Turenne, Napoleon, and Death Ritual’, Art Bulletin , 82 (2000), 491. |
| 89 . | Bernard Gainot, ‘Les mots et les cendres: l’héroïsme au début du Consulat’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 324 (2001), 129. |
| 90 . | Jean de Cugnac, ‘Mort de Desaix à Marengo’, Revue des études napoléoniennes , 39 (1934), 14; Gainot, ‘Les mots et les cendres’, 129. |
| 91 . | Savary, Mémoires , i. pp. 179–80; Auguste Frédéric Louis Wiesse de Marmont, Mémoires du maréchal Marmont duc de Raguse: de 1792 à 1841 , 9 vols (Paris, 1856–7), ii. p. 140. |
| 92 . | Moniteur universel , 3 messidor VIII (22 June 1800); Journal de Paris , 3 messidor an VIII (22 June 1800). |
| 93 . | Anne Vincent-Buffault, Histoire des larmes, XVIIIe–XIXe siècles (Paris, 2001). |
| 94 . | Jourdan, ‘Bonaparte et Desaix’, 139–40. |
| 95 . | See, for example, the letter from Auguste de Colbert, one of Murat’s aides-de-camp, to his mother, in Ciotti, ‘La dernière campagne de Desaix’, 94; Jeanne A. Ojala, Auguste de Colbert: Aristocratic Survival in an Era of Upheaval, 1793–1809 (Salt Lake City, 1979), pp. 56–7. |
| 96 . | Corr. vi. n. 4909 (15 June 1800). |
| 97 . | Gainot, ‘Le dernier voyage’, p. 106; Susan Locke Siegfried, ‘Naked History: The Rhetoric of Military Painting in Postrevolutionary France’, Art Bulletin , 75:2 (1993), 240. |
| 98 . | For this and the following, Petiteau, ‘Marengo, histoire et mythologie’, pp. 214–15; Petiteau, Les Français et l’Empire , pp. 61–2. In 1805, Napoleon received the official version of the battle written by the Dépôt de la Guerre. He ordered it destroyed and rewritten. The second version is an imagined, idealized battle refought in Napoleon’s mind (Pierre Gourmen, ‘La second campagne d’Italie’, in Napoléon, de l’histoire à la légende (Paris, 2000), p. 57). |
| 99 . | Alexandre Berthier, Relation de la bataille de Marengo (Paris, 1805, reprinted 1998); Ciotti, ‘La dernière campagne de Desaix’, 83–97. See also Petit, Marengo, ou Campagne d’Italie , esp. pp. 55–6, which focuses entirely on Bonaparte’s sangfroid and only fleetingly mentions Desaix, and Kellerman not at all. |
100
. Cited in Ciotti, ‘La dernière campagne de Desaix’, 97; René Reiss,
Kellermann
(Paris, 2009), pp. 344–59.
101
. AN F7 3829, rapport de la préfecture de police, 14 prairial an IX (2 June 1801); Picard,
Bonaparte et Moreau
, p. 365.
102
.
Moniteur universel
, 3 frimaire an VIII (24 November 1799).
103
. Marcel Reinhard, ‘L’armée et Bonaparte en 1801’,
Annales historiques de la Révolution française
, 25 (1953), 293–5 (letters dated 2 and 21 March 1801); and Aulard,
Paris sous le Consulat
, i. pp. 779–80.
104
. Picard,
Bonaparte et Moreau
, p. 375.
105
. AN F7 3830, 13 and 22 floréal an IX (3 and 12 May 1801), and 19 nivôse an X (9 January 1802).
106
. Jean Tulard, ‘La notion de tyrannicide et les complots sous le Consulat’,
Revue de l’Institut Napoléon
, 111 (1969), p. 133.
107
. See Jens Ivo Engels, ‘Furcht und Drohgebärde. Die Denunzianten “falscher Komplotte” gegen den König von Frankreich, 1680–1760’, in Michaela Hohkamp and Claudia Ulbrich (eds),
Der Staatsbürger als Spitzel: Denunziation während des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts aus europäischer Perspektive
(Leipzig, 2001), pp. 323–40.
108
. Manuel Eisner, ‘Killing Kings: Patterns of Regicide in Europe, ad 600–1800’,
British Journal of Criminology
, 51:3 (2011), 556–77.
109
. Tulard, ‘La notion de tyrannicide’, p. 135; Petiteau,
Les Français et l’Empire
, p. 108.
110
. M. Bernard,
Le Turc et le militaire français
(n.p., n.d.), pp. 4, 16–17; Aulard,
Paris sous le Consulat
, i. p. 670 (25 September 1800).
111
. Silas Titus,
Le Code des tyrannicides, adressé à tous les peuples opprimés
(Lyons, 1800), p. ii. See also Jean Tulard,
Napoléon: Jeudi 12 octobre 1809: le jour où Napoléon faillit être assassiné
(Paris, 1993), pp. 44 and 78; and Bernard Gainot, ‘La République contre elle-même: figures et postures de l’opposition à Bonaparte au début du Consulat (novembre 1799–mars 1801)’, in Antonino De Francesco (ed.),
Da Brumaio ai cento giorni: cultura di governo e dissenso politico nell’Europa di Bonaparte
(Milan, 2007), pp. 143–55. The quotation is from Bonaparte’s address to the Council of Elders on 19 brumaire.
112
. Such as
Tuer n’est pas assassiner
, originally a tract written against Cromwell, but reprinted in the
Courrier de Londres
, 55 nos. 2–5 (6–17 January 1804), cited in Simon Burrows, ‘The Struggle for European Opinion in the Napoleonic Wars: British Francophone Propaganda, 1803–14’,
French History
, 11 (1997), 38.
113
. Some of the details are to be found in AN F7 3702, Minutes des bulletins quotidiens de police, 21 vendémiaire an IX (13 October 1800). See also Aulard,
Paris sous le Consulat
, i. pp. 709–11; Gustave Hue, ‘Un complot de police sous le Consulat’,
Les Contemporains
(10 October 1909), 139–64; Jean Thiry,
La machine infernale
(Paris, 1952), pp. 32–9; Gaubert,
Conspirateurs au temps de Napoléon
, pp. 47–61; Tulard,
Fouché
, pp. 146–49; Elizabeth Sparrow,
Secret Service: British Agents in France, 1792–1815
(Woodbridge, 1999), p. 219; Laurent Boscher,
Histoire de la répression des opposants politiques, 1742–1848: la justice des vainqueurs
(Paris, 2006), pp. 120–5.
114
. The Opera, which was then called the Théâtre des Arts, was to be found in the rue de la Loi (rue Richelieu), where the Square Louvois is today, just across from the Bibliothèque nationale, Richelieu.
115
. Leo Gershoy,
Bertrand Barère: A Reluctant Terrorist
(Princeton, 1962), pp. 311–13; Michael J. Sydenham,
‘The Crime of 3 Nivôse (24 December 1800)’, in J. F. Bosher (ed.),
French Government and Society, 1500–1850
(London, 1973), pp. 301–2.
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