Freedom at Midnight (92 page)

Moslem League, 27-28, 111, 136, 183, 425 Direct Action Day, 35 extremists in, 221, 249, 250,

254, 265, 405 Gandhi, 82, 111,445 in Indian government, 97,

121 Jinnah leadership in, 119,

123, 131, 187 Pakistan idea, 35, 71, 295 World War II, 72 Moslems 29-33, 452-53, 458-60, 514 amity with Hindus, see Hindu-Moslem amity aspiration for" separate state,

8, 34-36, 127 conflict with Hindus, 8, 26-

36, 96-97, 434 Gandhi's concern for, 384-86, 440-41, 449, 464, 470, 475 Hindu Sikh mob action against, 35-36, 97, 248-49, 271, 336-61 passim, 387, 427, 434 in Kashmir, 408-09 mob violence against Hindu Sikhs, 26, 35, 97, 221-22, 250, 269, 285, 314-16,

331-61 passim, 386, 390-

92, 423-24 in Noakhali, 26-27, 31, 36,

65-66 Pakistan, 129, 135 in population of (new) India, 129, 289, 330 Punjab and Bengal, 127-29,

147 in Punjab partition, 326,

330, 434 refugees, 372-75, 383, 424- .

25 religion of, 29-31,127,138-

39, 333-34 Mountbatten, Edwina, Viscountess, 74, 84-85, 89-

90, 119, 382-83 appearance, 88-89 background, character, 89-

90 friendship with Gandhi,

105-09, 388, 516 friendship with Nehru, 105,

147-48 heads Red Cross, 365 inaugural ceremonies of, 87 at Independence ceremonies,

309, 320-23 in Karachi procession, 272,

275 last years and death, 539 at Peshawar demonstration,

137-38 and refugees, 393, 525-26 Mountbatten, Louis, Viscount

of Burma, 6-11, 74-76,

143-48, 255, 287-88,

537-38 appearance, 6, 83 appointment as Viceroy, 6-

11,64 background, character, 7-8,

41-46, 148-49, 368-69 blamed for rioting, killings,

250-53 conference with Attlee

(May 1947), 172-73

589

conferences with British officials, 132-35

conference with George VI, 37-41

dealings with Gandhi, 105-11, 184-86, 191-93, 217, 350, 370fn., 429-31, 453-54, 474, 504, 508-11, 516-18

early tour of India (1921), 38-39, 87-88, 90, 164, 214, 239, 276, 287, 409

goal of India in Commonwealth, 39-41, 74-75, 173, 176-77

governor-generalship, 216-17, 309-11, 322-23,362-69, 430, 525-26

Independence celebrations, 283, 320-24

installation as Viceroy, 83-

87, 90-96

Karachi procession, 272-77, 318

Kashmir affair, 407-10

meeting with Churchill, 174-76, 235

negotiations with Indian leaders, 99-111, 114-15, 119-25, 129-30, 132-33, 150, 182-94; see also Ghandhi; Jinnah; Nehru

partition proposal, 99-100, 111,134-35,139-42,145-48, 150-51, 189-200

partition of Punjab and Bengal, 218-19, 263-64, 325-28

and the princely states, 155-56, 213-16, 236-43, 287-

88, 400, 525-26 refugee-, massacre-emergency, 362-69, 384

and threat of civil war, 96-

98,133-34 tour of Northwest, 136-39 World War II service, 41-46,

86-87,148fn., 167, 288fn.

Mountbatten, Pamela, 136,

321,368,518-19 Munich Pact, 89 music, 32

Mussolini, Benito, 69-70, 89 Muzaffarabad, 405 Mysore, 13, 178 Mysore, Maharaja of, 158,

161-62, 165, 167

Nagarvalla, Jamshid "Jimmy,"

480-81, 483, 495, 539 Nagas, 290 Naidu, Padmaja, 284 Naidu, Sarojini, 117fn. namaste, 465, 504, 507 Nandlal, Santash, 389-90 Nanga Parbat, 135 Nayar, Pyarelal, 316, 426, 433, 450, 452, 458-59, 511, 514 Nayar, Sushila, 433, 438-39, 443^4, 448-53, 459, 470, 471, 499 work among refugees, 298 mission to Pakistan, 488, 506 Nedou's Hotel, Lahore, 227 Nehru, Indira, see Gandhi,

Indira Nehru, Jawaharlal, 9fn., 122, 216, 217, 446, 532-33 background, character, 101-

3, 171, 532-33 British Commonwealth,

176-77 and communal violence, 232-33,351-52,361,362, 364-66, 394, 397 and Congress Party, 102,

114, 182,487 Constituent Assembly, 288,

291-94 denies mercy to Gandhi

slayers, 523 devotion to Gandhi, 103-4, 233, 445, 450, 453, 456, 459-60, 474

differences with Gandhi,

105, 118, 140, 184-85,

192, 231, 426 friendship with Mountbatten, 95, 96, 100-1, 103-

5, 141, 149 at Gandhi funeral rites, 509-

13, 516, 520 Governor-Generalship to

Mountbatten, 216-17,

364-65, 384, 394, 525-

26 independence celebration,

283, 288-89, 309, 321-22 last years, death, 536-37 negotiation with Mountbatten, 103-5, 364-66, 384,

394, 525-26 Pakistan's share of Indian

assets, 440 and partition of India, 118,

125, 140-41, 172-73,177,

191-92, 251 and partition of Punjab and

Bengal, 211,218-19, 326-

27 and princely states, 155,171,

178 reaction to Kashmir invasion, 407-12, 430 and refugee problem, 232,

233, 364, 368-70, 384,

392 relations with Patel, 114,

118, 504-5, 510 News Chronicle (London), 462 New York Times, The, 96,

333, 350 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia,

41, 214 Nicholson, Brig. John, 258n Nishtar, Rab, 182 Noakhali, 26-27, 31, 270-71 communal killing, 26-28,

36, 358 Gandhi pilgrimage to, 28,

46-48, 65-66, 77, 253

26-27, 54-58, 61, 70,

416, 417, 426 Noon, Sir Feroz Khan, 343,

377 Noon, Vickie, 343, 377-79 Norfolk Regiment, 139 Northolt Airport, 6, 74, 263 Northwest Frontier Province,

15,134-36,205,228,255,

402, 494 Nur Jahan, 220

Oberoi, M. S., 145fn.-146fn. Olivier-Lecamp, Max, 361 "On Civil Disobedience"

(Thoreau), 55 Operation Madhouse, 84, 93,

397 Operation Seduction, 84, 96,

105, 111, 119, 125, 136-

38, 141 Order of the Garter, 86 Order of the Indian Empire,

86, 167 Order of the Star of India, 84,

86, 167 Oriental Life Insurance Company, 437 Orissa, Maharaja of, 162, 241 Orr, John Ward, 259-60 Oudh, Kingdom of, 209 Oxford University, 167

Pahwa, Madanlal, 332, 341,

386-88, 437 background, 376-77 Gandhi assassination plot,

442,455-56,468-77,479-

84, 496 trial and punishment, 522,

524 Pakistan, 75, 126, 129, 135,

149-50, 173, 222, 262,

295 acceptance by Indians, 173,

187-93 communal violence in, 244-

45, 332-33, 347, 351-52

division of British India assets, 190, 199-203, 208,

219,339^0,429-30,435,

440, 445 Gandhi's proposed visit to,

427, 464-65, 473, 488,

494, 500 Gandhi's views on, 140-41,

184, 193, 450, 459, 460;

see also Gandhi, partition

of India Independence day celebra-

ion, 255, 264-65, 273-77 origin of name, idea, 34,

120-22 and princely states, 243-44,

400-13 Punjab, Bengal problems,

124, 141-42, 147, 219,

326-28, 329-30 refugee problem in, 340-44,

347^8, 351, 392, 431,

488 war with India, 413, 431,

527 Pakistani Army, 203, 208,219,

265, 333, 339-40, 380,

402-8, 412 Pakistan Times, 313 Palam Airport, 142 Palanpore, Begum of, 287 Palanpore, Nawab of, 287 Palmerston, Lord, 88 Pandit, Tara, 494 Pandit, Mrs. V. L., 514 Panigrahi, Sulochna, 311 Panipat, 343, 423-25 Parchure, Dr. Dattatraya, 386-

87, 491-92, 522-24 Paris, Gandhi's visit to, 69 Parliament (British), 62-65,

95,234-36; see also Commons, House of, and

Lords, House of Parsis, 32, 249, 260, 289, 298,

361, 480 Parthians, 127 Patel, H.M., 199 Patel, Dr. J. A. L., 130-32

591

Patel, Jehangir, 464 Patel, Maniben, 112 Patel, Sardar, 199 Patel, Vallabhbhai, 112-14, 352 and Commonwealth, 173,

177, 397 and communal violence, 352 death, 536 differences with Nehru, 504,

510, 536 and Gandhi, 118, 140-41, 176-77, 184-85,192, 382, 427, 474, 495, 504-6 Independence ceremonial,

309 and Mountbatten, 112, 114— 15, 182, 215, 365-66, 368, 526 and Pakistan, 430, 440 and partition of India, 118,

125, 140, 173 and princely states, 215-16,

236-37, 241-42, 430 transfer of power, 397 Pathan tribesmen, 11-12, 15, 63, 134 demonstration in Peshawar,

135-38 Frontier warfare, 205, 380 Kashmir invasion, 401-6,

410-12 massacre of Peshawar Sikhs,

380-81 at Pakistan independence celebration, 273, 296 Patiala (state), 155, 178, 314 Patiala, 7th Maharaja of (Sir Bhupinder Singh), 160, 163-64, 167, 168, 181, 314 Patiala, 8th Maharaja of (Yadavindra Singh), 153-54,157-58,168,213,236, 241,314 Pelterie, Robert Esnault, 43 Penn Montague, Mrs. Henry,

146fn„ 312-13 pensions, 200, 227

pepper, price of, 11

Peshawar, 134, 135-39, 329, 380-81, 402-3

Peyton, John, 297

Philip, Prince, 430

Phoenix, South Africa, 53

Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, 52

pigsticking, 19, 207, 266

Pius XII, Pope, 514

Plan Balkan, 134

Plassey, 13

Pluto, 45

polo, 19, 44, 163, 207, 214, 258, 266

Poona, 318-19, 414-17, 503, 512 Gandhi slayers in, 422, 425,

443, 451, 474 police investigation of anti-Gandhi plotters, 481-85, 492, 496

Porbandar, 49, 178

pornography, 259

Post and Telegraph Employees, 455

Post Office, 249

Prasad, Rajendra, 286, 457

Press Trust of India, 414

Pretoria, South Africa, 51-52

Punjab, 13, 31, 134, 241, 360, 527 communal killings in, 138-39, 248-52, 298, 317, 329^1, 345-50, 364, 369, 389-92 descriptive sketch of, 126-

27 governor of, 144, 202; see

also Jenkins, Sir Evan Independence Day celebration, 298, 314-17 Mountbattens' visit to, 135,

138-39 partition of, 141, 212, 218-27, 246-48, 264, 281, 314, 326-28 and partition of India, 124-29

plot to kill Jinnah, 243-45 refugee problem in, 232,

295-96, 298, 344-53, 364,

367, 392-97 Punjab Boundary Force, 250-

51, 252, 285, 333, 336,

339, 367-68, 397-98 Punjab Club, Lahore, 224 Purana Qila (Old Fort), 383-

86 Pushtu (language), 137

Quaid-e-Azam, see Jinnah,

Mohammed Ali Quetta, 258, 298 Quth-ud-din, Slave King, 489-

90

Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 211-12, 224, 245-48, 263-64, 326-28 assignment in Punjab and

Bengal, 211-12, 219 bloodshed following awards,

329-30 guidelines, 246-48 India's access to Kashmir,

326-27,411,412-13 need for speed, 219, 245 Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur,

208fn. Rahmat AH, 35, 120, 239, 281 railroads, 365, 485, 520 security measures, 369 stations, 300-301, 345, 360, 477, 486, 490, 492, 496, 498, 501-2 train massacres, 345-50 Railway Workers Union, 455 Raj, Baldev, 342 Rajagopalachari, Q R., 150,

357-60 Rajasthan, 157, 168, 532 Raj Ghat, 515, 531 Rajputana, 15 Rajput states, 13 Rajput tribe, 157 Ram, Dhani, 347 Rama, 158, 179, 180

Ramadan, 256, 313

Rampur, 209

Rampur, Nawab of, 162, 166,

178, 209 Rana, U. H., 484-85, 492,

496 Rangoon, 105

Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh (R.S.S.S.), 224-25, 418, 421 and bombing of "Pakistan

Specials," 244, 278fn. and Calcutta violence, 354 and Delhi violence, 361 Independence Day ceremony, 318-19 and Madanlal Pahwa, 332,

376, 386-88 mass demonstration against,

512 peace pledge to Gandhi,

457-59 and plot to kill Jinnah in Karachi, 244, 272,278fn., 318 Ravi river, 326, 375, 396 Rawalpindi, 97, 265, 329, 342,

406, 407 Raza, Brig. Aga, 266 Reading, Lady, 90 Reading, Lord, 105fn., 260fn. Red Cross, 365 Red Fort, New Delhi, 294,

324, 445 Rees, Maj. Gen. G. R. "Pete,"

251, 367-68 refugees, 232-33, 295, 298, 340-50, 367-98, 416, 427 in Delhi, 441, 449-50, 453, 490-91, 526 Rich, Patrick "Bill," 200, 280 Richmond, Lieut George

Mitchell, 19 Rig Veda, 419 rishis, 419, 434, 470 Roebuck, S. S., 19 Rolland, Romain, 69 Rome, Gandhi's visit to, 69

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 71 Rowlatt Act, 56 Roy, Sunil, 353 Royal Assent, 234-36, 325 Royal Horse Artillery, 91 Royal Indian Navy, 516 Royal Navy, 43—44 Royal Scot Fusiliers, 83 Ruskin, John, 52, 56

sacred cow, 33, 282

sadhus, 16, 289, 417, 425,

458 Sahgal, Gautam, 377-78 St. John Ambulance Brigade,

89 Sairab Khayat Khan, 405-6 salt, 61-62, 67

Samuel, Viscount Herbert, 235 Sandhurst, 205, 207-8 sangam, 519 Sanjevi, D. J., 474-75, 478,

479, 483, 484fn., 485, 495 sannyasin, 281-83 Sarasvati river, 519 Sardilal, Lieut. Ram, 372 Sataravala, Lieut. Col. J. T.,

298 Satyagraha, 54 Savage, Gerald D., 243-45,

249-50, 276-77 Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar

Veer, 417-18, 489 backer of Hindu Rashtra,

418,421,483 biographical sketch, 417-18 his Bombay headquarters,

442-43, 495, 512 plot to kill Gandhi, 442-43,

446, 455, 476, 479, 480,

491, 522-24 Savoy Hotel, London, 178 Scharnhorst (German battle*

ship), 148fn. Scythians, 127 Sea Green Hotel, Bombay,

443 Serge, Grand Duke, 275

Shaftesbury, 7th Earl of, 88 Shahdarah, 530 Shalamar Gardens, 220 Shankar, Pandit Brawani, 303 Shastra Bhandar, 482 Shaw, George Bernard, 68,

513 Sheikhpura, 332 ShiUong, 312 Shiva, 32, 158, 304 Shivaji, 417, 503 Sikhs, 16, 127, 244-45, 278fn., 280, 289, 326, 373, 380, 381,481 Akali sect, 349, 458 amity with Moslems, 359-60, 394, 436, 458-60, 490 and Gandhi, 436, 449, 494 historical background, 13,

225-27 independence, partition of

India, 182-83, 189 in Kashmir, 328 massacred by Moslems, 139, 221, 250, 285, 298, 314-15, 338, 344, 390-92, 423-24 Moslems massacred by, 248-49,300,304,331-32,344, 347-50, 360-61, 362, 374, 378, 423-24, 427 and princely states, 153,

163-65 and Punjab partition, 127-28, 134, 227, 250-52, 326, 328, 330-33, 344 refugees, 328, 344, 369,

392-93, 488, 494 religion of, 225-27 Simla, 15, 146, 147, 149, 172, 173, 363 British refugees, 379 communal killing, 331, 349 description of, 143-45 Independence Eve celebration, 294, 312-13 social life in, 18, 312-13 Sind, province, 13, 34, 201 Singapore, 8, 87, 101

Singh ("Lion"), surname, 225 Subhas Road, Calcutta, 294

Singh, Baldev, 182, 183 Singh, Prince Balindra, 314 Singh, Sir Bhupinder, see Pa-

tiala, Maharaja of Singh, Boota, 390-92, 528-30 Singh, Chani, 315-16 Singh, Maj. Gobind, 202, 225,

459 Singh, Guldip, 335-36 Singh, Lieut. Col. Gurba, 374 Singh, Guruchuran, 396 Singh, Hari, see Kashmir, Maharaja of Singh, Karan, 401 Singh, Kartar Duggal, 295,311 Singh, Khushwant, 314 Singh, Kuldip, 373 Singh, Niranjan, 331 Singh, Flight Lieut. Patwant,