Hotel Florida: Truth, Love, and Death in the Spanish Civil War (70 page)

“No other country in Europe”: De la Mora,
Splendor
, p. 345. Her descriptions of life in the Soviet capital are idyllic.

he wanted 250 aircraft: Daniel Kowalski,
Stalin and the Spanish Civil War
, e-book,
www.gutenberg.org
, chapter 3, p. 44. Beevor,
Battle for Spain
, fn. 6, p. 372, gives the numbers as 2,150 field guns, 120 antiaircraft guns, 400,000 rifles, 10,000 machine guns, and 410 aircraft. The numbers, varied as they are, are all substantial.

General Secretary Stalin invited: Conversations reproduced by Enrique Castro Delgado in his book
Hombres Made in Moscú
, quoted in (and translated by) Fox,
Constancia
, p. 80. Other details, Ignacio Hidalgo de Cisneros,
Cambio de Rumbo
, pp. 297–301.

“I think I’m going out of my mind”: Boris Efimov,
Mikhail’ Kol’tsov, kakim on byl
, pp. 71–72, in Preston,
WSSD
, p. 199.

On February 1, 1940: See Preston,
WSSD
, pp. 173 and 197–212, for a fuller account of Koltsov’s fall from grace.

Hemingway complained to his mother-in-law: EH to Mrs. Paul Pfeiffer, February 6, 1939, in Baker,
Selected
, pp. 475–78.

a showing of
The Spanish Earth
: Kert,
Women
, pp. 322–33.

on another evening at the Stork Club:
New York Daily Mirror
, January 15, 1939, p. 3.

At least, thought Barea: Barea,
FR
, pp. 746–49.

“There will be no mediation”: Preston,
SCW
, pp. 293–94.

“Things are not so bad”: Sheean,
Not Peace
, p. 346.

the latest, last-resort wave of conscripts: Beevor,
Battle for Spain
, p. 376.

“I have seen hundreds of thousands”: Whelan,
Capa
, p. 154.

“it is not always easy”: Ibid., p. 155.

It had turned cold and blustery: Josep Andreu y Abello, in Beevor,
Battle for Spain
, p. 377.

the editors of
Life:
Wilson Hicks (
Life
photo editor) to RC, January 31, 1939, ICP.

Sheean was in a state of growing despair: Sheean,
Not Peace
, pp. 347 and 360.

Capa drove through the frontier at Le Perthus for the last time: In addition to specific sources already cited, material in the preceding section comes from Matthews, “Constant Bombing Numbs Barcelona,” January 25, 1939, and “Barcelona’s Plans Upset by Apathy,”
New York Times
, January 26, 1939; HLM to Nancie Matthews, January 30, 1939, Columbia University; Sheean, pp. 350–57; Capa’s photographs, notebooks, and negatives, ICP.

the word from Austria was not good: Pollak, autobiography, p. 394.

a winning ticket for the national lottery: Uli Rushby-Smith, e-mail to AV.

the sailors assured him: Dialogue, and preceding details, from Barea,
FR
, pp. 749–51.

“In Paris there’s nothing good”: Quotes in this section are from an undated letter, RC to Julia Friedmann, early 1939, ICP. Other details, unless noted, from Capa photos, ICP.using his
Life
credentials: ADA–Camp de Bram telephone log, in Marie-Hélène Meléndez, “Capa, Internment Camps, Southern France, March 1939,”
The Mexican Suitcase
, vol. 2, pp. 397–98.

“As long as there is a war”: EH to Ivan Kashkeen (EH’s spelling), March 30, 1939, in Baker,
Selected
, p. 481.

he and Martha agreed: MG to Eleanor Roosevelt, February 5, 1939, Moorehead,
Selected
, p. 70.

“at the very least, inopportune”: Voroshilov to Stalin, February 16, 1939, in Radosh et al.,
Spain Betrayed
, p. 512.

“The only thing about a war”: EH to Kashkin,
op. cit.
, p. 480.

a thank-you note to Sara Murphy: PPH to SWM, undated [December 1938?], apparently revised serially and finally sent as an enclosure with another of March 10, 1939, in Miller,
Lost Generation
, p. 219.

two different hotel rooms: EH to Thomas Shevlin, April 4, 1939, in Baker,
Selected
, p. 484.

She was so pleased with the result: MG to ER, March 18, 1939, in Moorehead,
Selected
, pp. 74–75.

“you cannot spit”: EH, preface to Gustav Regler,
The Great Crusade
, p. viii.

“show
all
the different sides”: EH to Ivan Kashkin,
loc cit
.

“We lay on the brown, pine-needled floor”: EH, draft of
For Whom the Bell Tolls
, Item 83, JFK. Although the draft began in the first person, Hemingway decided by the third page to change it to third person, going back through the manuscript to change all the pronouns.

EPILOGUE

“Today, with the Red Army captive”: Preston,
SCW
, p. 299.

Over the next few months: Preston,
The Spanish Holocaust
, pp. xi and xvii–xix. Some scholars, e.g., Michael Seidman in a critical review of
The Spanish Holocaust
in the
Times Literary Supplement
, September 7, 2012, believe that Preston errs in the spirit, if not also the letter (or number), of his condemnation. On the other hand, the historian Julius Ruiz, author of
Franco’s Justice
, maintains that the number of those executed was 50,000.

Hemingway’s relations with the Soviet Union: John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev,
Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America
, pp. 153–55.

“Hemingway could describe with truthfulness”: Barea, “Not Spain, But Hemingway,”
Horizon
(London 1941), pp. 350–61.

a jocular prenuptial “agreement”: MG to EH, “Marriage Guaranty,” undated, BU. Also quoted in Moorhead,
Selected
, pp. 80–81, and Kert,
Women
, p. 339.

Hemingway was unaware: “E wants me for himself altogether now,” she told Grover, and hinted he should not write her anything that could not be shared: MG to Allen Grover, September 6, 1940, in Moorhead,
Selected
, pp. 101–3.

“she thinks now”: EH to Edna Gellhorn, September 28, 1940, JFK.

he had been “busted”: EW to Max Perkins, January 28, 1941, in Baker,
EH
, p. 359.

“the old commercial fisherman”: EH to Maxwell Perkins, February 7, 1939, in Baker,
Selected
, p. 479.

“his mastery of the art of the narrative”: EH’s Nobel Prize citation is quoted on the Nobel Prize’s website,
www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1954/
.

“no intention of being a footnote”: This much-repeated line (even used in an interview by Gellhorn’s biographer, Caroline Moorhead) has proved impossible to source.

“an unpalatable truth”: Official statement of the Martha Gellhorn Trust.

“This is the last good war”: Whelan,
Capa
, p. 297.

“We do not employ Reds”: Eaude,
Triumph at Midnight
, p. 114.

“
mi
shell-shock”: AB to W. R. Wessel and William F. Stirling, June 23, 1944, BBC Written Archives Centre.

“the man who had left them to starve”:
The Broken Root
(Faber and Faber, 1951), p. 56.

Ilsa spoke of the “heartbreaking” situation: IB to Margaret Weeden, November 14, 1946, IB papers.

“Querido Papa”: Letters from the Barea children to AB, various dates, AB papers.

“the most successful visitor”: Report from an anonymous official at the British Embassy in Buenos Aires to the BBC, May 15, 1956, WAC.

His body was cremated: Uli Rushby-Smith, e-mail to AV.

all of the papers she had with her: Uli Rushby-Smith, e-mail to AV.

“It is meaningless”: IB to Margeret Weeden, December 25, 1957, IB papers.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

alpargatas
Rope-soled canvas shoes worn by many Spanish government soldiers

Asaltos
Assault Guards, the blue-uniformed urban police of the Spanish Republic

CEDA
(Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas) Spanish confederation of right-wing groups, a Catholic political party

checa
Slang term, derived from the name of the Tsarist secret police (
cheka
), for an extra-official interrogation and detention center operated by leftists

CNT
(Confederación Nacional de Trabajo) Anarcho-syndicalist labor union

Comintern
Communist (or Third) International, Moscow-directed worldwide union of all domestic Communist parties

Condor Legion
A unit made up of Nazi German volunteers from the Luftwaffe (air force) and the Wehrmacht (Army) to fight for Spain’s Nationalist rebels

Cortes
Spanish parliament

Ejercito Popular
The centralized Spanish government army, which superseded and replaced the militias of the early days of the Civil War

Escuadrilla España
Air Squadron founded by André Malraux to fight for the Spanish Republic

FAI
(Federación Anarquista Ibérica) Iberian anarchist federation

Falange
Spanish fascist party founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera

Generalitat
Regional government of Catalonia

GRU
Main intelligence directorate of the Soviet armed forces, the Russian military’s foreign intelligence service

Guardia Civil
Civil Guards, the paramilitary, largely rural Spanish national police force, known for their patent-leather tricorne hats

Junta
Ruling council; in wartime Madrid, the Junta de Defensa was the committee that ran the city after the relocation of the government

NANA
North American Newspaper Alliance, publishing syndicate made up of fifty major American newspapers

latifundistas
Owners of huge feudal estates, mainly in the south of Spain

Loyalists
Those loyal to the government of the Spanish Republic (see Republican)

Luftwaffe
Nazi German air force

miliciano
Member of the militias, soldiers (some affiliated with specific parties or unions) who volunteered to fight for the Spanish government

mono
Jumpsuit, generally blue, worn by Loyalist militias

NKVD
People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs: the Russian secret police (later the KGB)

Nationalists
Those siding with the rebellion against the Republican government

PCE
(Partido Comunista de España) Moscow-oriented Spanish Communist Party

POUM
(Partido Obrera de Unificación Marxista) Primarily Catalan-based anti-Stalinist Marxist party

Popular Front
Coalition of leftist, generally antifascist parties

Republicans
Those in favor of republican government in Spain (see Loyalists); narrowly, moderate (nonsocialist) republicans

SAP
(Sozialistische Arbeitpartei Deutschlands) German Socialist Workers’ Party

SIM
(Servicio de Información Militar) Spanish Republican government’s secret police

UGT
(Unión General de Trabajadores) Spanish Socialist trade union

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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This Time a Better Earth
. New York: William Morrow, 1939.

Auden, W. H., and Christopher Isherwood.
Journey to a War
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Aznar Soler, Manuel, and Luis Mario Schneider.
Il congreso internacional de escritores antifascistas
. Valencia: Generalitat Valenciana, 1987.

Baker, Carlos.
Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story.
New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969.

Baker, Carlos, ed.
Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters 1917–1961
. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1981.

Barea, Arturo.
The Broken Root
. Translated by Ilsa Barea. London: Faber and Faber, 1951.

Barea, Arturo.
The Forging of a Rebel
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Barea, Arturo.
Palabras recobradas: textos ineditos
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Barea, Arturo.
Valor y miedo
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Barea, Ilsa.
Vienna.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966.

Barnouw, Erik.
Documentary: A History of the Nonfiction Film
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Beevor, Antony.
The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939
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Berdah, Jean-François. “Un réseau de renseignement antinazi au service de la République espagnole (1936–1939): Le mouvement
Neue Beginnen
et le
Servicio de Información Diplomático Especial
(SIDE),” in Fréderic Guelton and Abdil Bicer,
Naissance et evolution du renseignement dans l’espace Européen.
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Bernier, Olivier.
Fireworks at Dusk: Paris in the Thirties
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Bolín, Luis.
Spain: The Vital Years
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Borkenau, Franz.
The Spanish Cockpit
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Brenan, Gerald.
The Spanish Labyrinth: The Social and Political Background of the Spanish Civil War
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Bruccoli, Matthew, ed.
The Only Thing That Counts: The Ernest Hemingway–Maxwell Perkins Correspondence
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Buckley, Henry.
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