India After Gandhi (135 page)
Read India After Gandhi Online
Authors: Ramachandra Guha
Tags: #History, #Asia, #General, #General Fiction
| O. V. Ranga Rao, ‘Exodus of C. P. Muslims to Hyderabad’, Swatantra, 11 October 1947; Lanka Sundaram, ‘Nizam’s Acts of War and India’s Duty’, Swatantra, 1 November 1947. | |
| S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, vol. 2: 1947 – 1956 (London: Cape, 1979), pp. 40–1; SPC, vol. 5, pp. 236–9; SPC, vol. 7, pp. 150–1, 186–7, 194 etc. | |
| See Mirza Ismail, My Public Life: Recollections and Reflections (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1954), pp. 105–28. | |
| Quoted in Munshi, End of an Era, p. 176. | |
| Ibid., pp. 230–1; Gandhi, Patel, pp. 482–3; Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration, pp. 236–7. | |
| Sri Prakasa, Pakistan: Birth and Early Days (Meerut: Meenakshi Prakashan, 1965), p. 122. | |
| Pattabhi Sitaramayya, ‘The Hyderabad Tangle’, Swatantra,12 June 1948. | |
| Abbas, ‘Three Days in Hyderabad’, Swatantra, 24 June 1950. | |
| P. J. Griffiths, ‘India and the Future’, The Nineteenth Century, August 1947. | |
| See editorial in the Economic Weekly, 8 January 1955. | |
| Democracy on the March (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1950), pp. 1, 9–10etc. | |
| Menon, Integration of the Indian States, p. 493. |
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| Foran overview, see Alastair Lamb, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1992). | |
| Karan Singh, Autobiography , revised edn (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 18–19. | |
| Quotedin Ajit Bhattacharjea, Kashmir: The Wounded Valley (New Delhi: UBS, 1994), p. 67. | |
| V. K. Chinnammalu Amma, ‘Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah’, Swatantra, 22 May 1948; Trilok Nath Moza, ‘Sher-i-Kashmir Sheikh Abdullah’, Swatantra, 5 June 1948. | |
| These paragraphs on Kashmir politics in the 1930s and 1940s draw largely from Bhattacharjea, Kashmir , pp. 65–76, and Lamb, Kashmir , pp. 89–95. | |
| Malika Pukhraj, Song Sung True: A Memoir , ed. And trans. Saleem Kidwai (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 2003), pp. 200–1. | |
| S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, vol. 1: 1889 – 1947 (London: Cape, 1975), pp. 322–3. | |
| SPC, vol. 1, pp. 13–15. | |
| TOP, vol. 9, p. 71. | |
| SPC, vol. 1, pp. 29–30; Hasan Zaheer, The Times and Trials of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951: the First Coup Attempt in Pakistan (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 72–3. | |
| Mountbatten to Sir Akbar Hydari(governor of Assam), 17 June 1947, Mountbatten Papers, Mss Eur F200/13, OIOC. | |
| See Ramchandra Kak’s note, ‘Jammu and Kashmir in 1946–47’, written in 1960 as a retrospective defence of the idea of independence. Copy in R. Powell Papers, Mss Eur D862, OIOC. | |
| TOP, vol. 11, p. 592. | |
| TOP, vol. 12, pp. 3–5, 368. | |
| D. G. Tendulkar, Mahatma: Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , 2nd edn (1963; reprint New Delhi: Publications Division, 1990), vol. 8, pp. 67–8. | |
| Michael Brecher, The Struggle for Kashmir (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), pp. 23–4. | |
| Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life (Ahmedabad: Navjivan Press, 1991), p. 439. | |
| SPC, vol. 1, pp. 45–7. | |
| See Josef Korbel, Danger in Kashmir , 2nd edn (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 70–1. | |
| SPC, vol. 1, pp. 56, 62. | |
| Quoted in Prem Shankar Jha, Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 32–3. | |
| R. B. Batra, quoted in Sisir Kumar Gupta, Kashmir: A Study in India – Pakistan Relations (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1966), p. 106. | |
| Lamb’s Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy is the best case for Pakistan; Jha’s Kashmir, 1947 an answer from the Indian point of view. | |
| see Richard Symons, In the Margins of Independence: A Relief Worker in India and Pakistan, 1942-1949 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 78–9. | |
| This and the next few paragraphs are based on Lamb, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, pp. 122–34; Brecher, Struggle for Kashmir, pp. 25–33; Gupta, Kashmir, pp. 110–15; Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy, pp. 82–7, 94–6 etc. | |
| Lt. Gen. L. P. Sen, Slender was the Thread: Kashmir Confrontation, 1947 – 48 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1969), pp. 34–8. | |
| Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 348. | |
| Untitled typescript dated 3November 1947 by Major J. E. Thomson, Powell Papers, Mss Eur D862, OIOC; extracts from report in Daily Express , 11 November 1947, in White Paper on Jammu and Kashmir (New Delhi: Government of India, 1948), pp. 24–5. | |
| Lamb, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, p. 143. | |
| Amar Devi Gupta, ‘A 1947 Tragedy of Jammu and Kashmir State: The Cleansing of Mirpur’, Mss Eur C705, OIOC. | |
| Lord Birdwood, ‘Kashmir’, International Affairs, July 1952. | |
| See the eyewitness accounts reproduced in Dewan Ram Prakash, Fight for Kashmir (New Delhi: Tagore Memorial Publications, 1948), pp. 34–9. | |
| This account is based on V. P. Menon, Integration of the Indian States (1956; reprint Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1997), pp. 397–400; Gandhi, Patel , pp. 442–4. However, Prem Shankar Jha ( Kashmir, 1947 , pp. 63–4) claims that the Instrument of Accession was signed by Maharaja Hari Singh in Srinagar on the night of the 25th/26th itself, that is before he fled to Jammu. | |
| S. N. Prasad and Dharm Pal, History of Operations in Jammu and Kashmir (1947 – 48) (New Delhi: Ministry of Defence, 1987), pp. 28f., 379. | |
| Major L. E. R. B. Ferris, quoted in Lt. Col. Maurice Cohen, Thunder over Kashmir (1955; reprint Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1994), pp. 3–4. | |
| Nehru to Vijayalakshmi Pandit, 28 October 1947, Vijayalakshmi Pandit Papers, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi (hereafter NMML). | |
| As told by the veteran Punjab politician Khizr Hyat Tiwana to the ex-Punjab civil servant Malcolm Darling. See diary note of 9 January 1948, Box 60, Darling Papers, CSAS. | |
| Baroo, ‘Kashmir Interlude’, Swatantra, 29 November 1947. | |
| Bhattacharjea, Kashmir , pp. x–xii. | |
| Lord Mountbatten, ‘Note of a Discussion with Mr Jinnah in the presence of Lord Ismay at Government House, Lahore, on 1 November 1947’, in SPC, vol. 1, pp. 73–81. | |
| Prasad and Pal, History of Operations, pp. 39–40. | |
| Ibid., p. 60; Sen, Slender was the Thread, pp. 111–12. | |
| Nehru to Hari Singh, 13 November 1947, in S. Gopal, general ed., Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru: Second Series (New Delhi: Nehru Memorial Fund,1984–), hereafter SWJN2, vol. 5, pp. 324–7. | |
| CWMG, vol. 90, pp. 122–3. | |
| C. Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947 – 8 (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2002), p. 78. | |
| Nehru to Hari Singh, 1 December 1947, in SPC, vol. 1, pp. 100–6. | |
| H. V. Hodson, The Great Divide: Britain-India-Pakistan (London: Hutchinson, 1969), pp. 466–7; Lamb, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, pp. 164–5. | |
| Brecher, Struggle for Kashmir, pp. 55–75; Reports of the United Nations Special Commission for India and Pakistan, June 1948 to December 1949 (New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs, 1950), pp. 53f., 281f. | |
| Josef Korbel, Danger in Kashmir (1954; revised edition Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), p. 109. | |
| S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, vol. 2: 1947 – 1956 (London: Cape, 1979), pp. 26–7; Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy, pp. 17, 111, 134. Cf. also Rajbans Krishen, Kashmir and the Conspiracy against Peace (Bombay: People’s Publishing House, 1951). | |
| H. V. Hodson to Philip Noel-Baker, 2 March 1948, copy in Short Papers, Mss Eur F189/1, OIOC. | |
| See Hodson, The Great Divide, pp. 469–70. | |
| Untitled note by Major General T. W. Rees, Rees Papers, Mss Eur F274/72, OIOC. | |
| Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy, pp. 144–51,167–8, 177–83. | |
| Air Chief Marshal P. C. Lal, My Years with the IAF (New Delhi: Lancer International, 1987), pp. 58–67. | |
| Sen, Slender was the Thread, p. 242; Prasad and Pal, History of Operations, pp. 276–7. | |
| Penderel Moon to Major Billy Short, 18 October 1948, Short Papers, Mss Eur F189/22, OIOC, emphasis added. | |
| Korbel, Danger in Kashmir, pp. 146–9. Korbel was the father of Madeleine Albright, who was to herself deal with the Kashmir question in the 1990s when she was secretary of state in President Clinton’s administration. | |
| See material in File74, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, Fifth Instalment, NMML. | |
| Swatantra,14 August 1948. | |
| Anon., ‘South India and Kashmir’, Swatantra, 25 February 1950. | |
| Sheikh Abdullah to C. Rajagopalachari, 27 April 1948, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, Fifth Instalment, NMML. | |
| J. K. Banerji, I Report on Kashmir (Calcutta: The Republic Publications, 1948), pp. 9–10. | |
| Y. D. Gundevia, ed., The Testament of Sheikh Abdullah (Dehra Dun: Palit and Palit, 1974), pp. 90–1. | |
| V. V. Prasad, ‘New Delhi Diary’, Swatantra, 9 October 1948. | |
| P. N. Kaula and K. L. Dhar, Kashmir Speaks (Delhi: S. Chand and Co., 1950), p. 71. | |
| K. A. Abbas, ‘The EnchantedValley’, Swatantra, 23 April 1949. |
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