Jerusalem: The Biography (96 page)

Nachmanides: Prawer,
History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom
160–1, 252–3. King Hethum II: Hintlian,
History of the Armenians in the Holy Land
4–5. Mamluk as Islam’s Templars: Ibn Wasil quoted in Gabrieli 294. Baibars, Aibek and Shajar diamonds, clogs: Phillip,
Warriors
258–69. Khalidi Library: author interview with Haifa Khalidi; Jocelyn M. Ajami, ‘A Hidden Treasure’, in
Saudi Aramco World Magazine
.

PART SIX: MAMLUK

1
Baibars in power: Irwin 37–42 and 45–58. Tyerman 727–31, 806–17. Runciman 3.315–27. Mamilla – the Zawiya al-Qalandariyya and Turba al-Kabakayya (tomb of exiled Governor of Safed, al-Kabaki): Asali in
OJ
281–2. On Mamluk rise: this account of the Mamluks is based on Linda S. Northrup, ‘The Bahri Mamluk Sultanate’, in
CHE
1.242–89, especially on nature of Mamluk relationships 251; quotation from Ibn Khaldun (grouse/House of War) 242; Baibars military power 259; Mamluk favourite Sufism vs Taymiyya 267; pressure on Christians and Jews 271–2; Baibars victory over Mongols, Crusaders, Seljuks 273–6. Mamluk culture, on horseback, rules: Stillman, ‘The Non-Muslim Communities: The Jewish Community’,
CHE
1.209, and Jonathan P. Berkey, ‘Culture and Society during the Middle Ages’,
CHE
1.391. Mamluk emblems, Baibars’ lions: Irene A. Bierman,
CHE
1.371–2. Baibars at war: Ibn Az-Zahir quoted in Gabrieli 307–12; sarcastic letter on Cyprus campaign 321. Burns,
Damascus
198–200. Baibars’ death: Runciman 3.348. Jerusalem/Baibars: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
58–9, 66, 77. Donald P. Little, ‘1260–1516: The Noble Sanctuary under Mamluk Rule – History,’ in
Sacred Esplanade
177–87. Michael Hamilton Burgoyne, ‘The Noble Sanctuary under Mamluk Rule – Architecture’, in
Sacred Esplanade
189–209. Baibars builds Khan al-Zahir: Mujir 239. Baibars’ violent, perverted Sufi adviser Sheikh Khadir: Irwin 54. Asali,
OJ
281–2.
Cathedra
1.198. Edward I Crusade: Tyerman 810–12; Runciman 3.242–3. M. Prestwich,
Edward I
, 66 and 119.

2
Qalawun, Ashraf Khalil, Nasir Muhammad: the portrait of Qalawun is based on Linda Northrup,
From Slave to Sultan: The Career of al-Mansur Qalawun and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria
, and on Irwin. Irwin 63–76. Jerusalem titles: Northrup,
From Slave to Sultan
175. Repair of al-Aqsa roof: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem 77 and 129
. Khalil and Acre: Irwin 76–82. Fall of Acre: Runciman 3.387–99, 403–5, 429.

3
Ramban and other Jewish visitors: Prawer,
History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom
155–61 and 241. Peters,
Jerusalem
363 and 531. Minaret: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
513.

4
Armenians and Mongols 1300: Hintlian,
History of the Armenians in the Holy Land
4–5. Reuven Amitai, ‘Mongol Raids into Palestine’,
JRAS
236–55. Niccolo of Poggibonsi quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
410.

5
Mamluk Jerusalem: this is based on Burgoyne’s
Mamluk Jerusalem
; Irwin on Mamluk politics; Kroyanker. Nasir visit 1317 and building: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
77–85; Sufis 419–21; Nasir and Tankiz 278–97 and 223–33; Citadel 85; Mamluk style 89; blind Ala al-Din 117; tradition of Mamluk tombs from Nur al-Din 167–8. Mamluk style: Kroyanker 47–58. On building: Drory,
Cathedra
1.198–209. Citadel rebuilt: Hawari,
OJ
493–518.

Nasir Muhammad: this portrait is based on Irwin 105–21, including Irwin quote greatest and nastiest. On Nasir and killing of amirs: Ibn Battutah,
Travels
18–20; on Jerusalem 26–8. Nasir: Burns,
Damascus
201–16. Administration: Little in Asali,
Jerusalem
187–9; on Muslim literature of
fadail
; 193–5, Sufis 191–2. On Nasir
waqfs
, building, Mujir 102; on parades in Jerusalem 181–2. Irwin: Mamluk executions 86; on religious jurist Ibn Taymiyya 96–7; anti-Christian and anti-Jewish policies 97–9; Mongols 99–104. Mamluk religion, Sunni and Sufism: Northrup,
CHE
1.265–9; politics, rise of Nasir and autocracy 251–3. On proximity to Haram: Tankiz inscription ‘pure neighbour’: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
65. On
waqfs
: Ibn Khaldun quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
381. Al-Hujr poem on hell and paradise: quoted by Mujir 184. Bedouin attacks: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
59; on Sufis 63. New sanctity of Jerusalem:
Book of Arousing Souls
by al-Fazari quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
374; Ibn Taymiyya 375–8. King Robert and Franciscans: Clare Mouradian, ‘Les Chrétiens: Un Enjeu pour les Puissances’, in C. Nicault (ed.)
Jérusalem, 1850–1948: Des Ottomans aux Anglais, entre coexistence spirituelle et déchirure politique
177–204. Franciscans and King Robert of Apulia/Calabria: Felix Fabri,
The Book of Wanderings
2.279–82. Ludolph von Suchem in Peters,
Jerusalem
422. Little,
Sacred Esplanade
177–87. Burgoyne,
Sacred Esplanade
189–209. Irwin: brutality 86; Ibn Taymiyya 96–7; anti-minority policies 97–9; Mongol invasion 99–104.

6
Ibn Khaldun and Tamurlane: Ibn Khaldun 5, 39, 269. Walter J. Fischel,
Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane
14–17, 45–8. Jerusalem
ulema
offer keys: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
59. Local Jerusalems: Anu Mand, ‘Saints’ Corners in Medieval Livonia’, in Alan V. Murray,
Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier
191–223.

7
Non-Muslim Jerusalem under late Mamluks: Little,
Sacred Esplanade
177–87; Burgoyne,
Sacred Esplanade
189–209. Stillman,
CHE
1.209. New minarets at Salahiyya Khanqah in 1417: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
517; on Jews 64 – on tranquillity – Isaac ben Chelo 1374; on trades Elijah of Ferrara. New minarets over Christian and Jewish shrines: Mujir 69, 163, 170; attack on Christians 1452, 254–6. A. David, ‘Historical Significance of Elders Mentioned in Letters of Rabbi Obadiah of Bertinaro’, and Augusti Arce, ‘Restrictions upon Freedom of Movement of Jews in Jerusalem’, in
Cathedra
2.323–4. Prayers at Golden Gate: Isaac ben Joseph quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
192; population and prayers, Meshullam of Voltera 408; Obadiah, prayers at gates 408; gradual ruin, jackals, attacks during drought, Obadiah’s disciple, seventy families, Jewish study house near Western Wall?, facing Temple on Olives 392, 473, 407–9; Meshuallam and Obadiah, Jewish pilgrims 407–9; Isaac ben Joseph 1334 on French Jews, law studies, Kabbala 474–5. Jewish prayers at Zechariah tomb, cemetery, and visit to the gates, Huldah, Golden Gate:
Archaeological Park
36, 98, 107.

Christians: Armenians and Jaqmaq: Hintlian,
History of the Armenians in the Holy Land
5. On visit to Haram in disguise, interest in others and learning phrases: Arnold von Harff quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
406–7. Governor’s house and concubines: Fabri,
Book of Wanderings
1.451; Barsbay and Jewish bid for Tomb of David 1.303–4; rules for pilgrims 1.248–54; entering Sepulchre, hair, stalls, Saracens, bodies, graffiti, traders, exhaustion, stress, questions 1.299, 341, 363, 411–15, 566–7, 2.83–7. History of Franciscans: Elzear Horn,
Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae
81–3. Pay or beaten to death: Niccolo di Poggibonsi (1346) quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
434; way of the Cross 437; on Mount Zion, King Rupert etc.: Elzear Horn quoted at 369; burning of four monks 1391, 459; no entry on horseback, Bertrandon de la Brocquière 1430s, 470. Henry IV: Tuchman 45. Henry V: Christopher Allmand,
Henry V
174. 8 Qaitbay. Parades: Mujir 182; beauty 183, quotes Ibn Hujr; Qaitbay visit 142–4, 288. Ashrafiyya and
sabil
: Burgoyne,
Mamluk Jerusalem
78–80, 589–608; royal residence Tankiziyya 228. Kroyanker 47. Qaitbay and omelette: Peters,
Jerusalem
406. Door of Aqsa: Goldhill,
City of Longing
126. Drory,
Cathedra
1.1196–7. Governor’s house and concubines: Fabri,
Book of Wanderings
1.451; also Qaitbay allows refurbishment of Sepulchre 1.600–2; town, Obadiah on Jerusalem Jews 1487: Peters,
Jerusalem
475–7. Al-Ghawry: Carl F. Petry, ‘Late Mamluk Military Institutions and Innovation’, in
CHE
1.479–89. Rise of Ottomans: Caroline Finkel,
Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
(henceforth Finkel) 83–4.

PART SEVEN: OTTOMAN

1
Selim the Grim. Fall of Mamluk Sultan Ghawri: Petry,
CHE
1.479–89. Rise of Ottomans – taking the city, desire of all possessors, wars, possession of Padishah Sultan: Evliya Celebi,
Evliya Tshelebi’s Travels in Palestine
(henceforth Evliya) 55–9 and 85; Evliya Celebi,
An Ottoman Traveller
317. Selim’s rise, character, death: Finkel 83–4.

2
Suleiman, walls, gates, fountains, citadel: this account is based on Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand (eds),
Ottoman Jerusalem: The Living City, 1517–1917
(
OJ
: volume one unless otherwise stated). Amnon Cohen, ‘1517–1917 Haram al-Sherif: The Temple Mount under Ottoman Rule’, in
Sacred Esplanade
211–16. Bahat,
Atlas
118–22. Citadel and Haram, Suleiman’s dream, Sinan in charge of works, beauty of Suleiman’s works: Evliya 63–75; Evliya Celebi,
An Ottoman Traveller
323–7 including Suleiman dreams and Sinan. Roxelana
waqf
: Dror Zeevi,
An Ottoman Century: The District of Jerusalem in the 1600s
27. Sultan’s Pool,
Archeological Park
128. Hawari,
OJ
493–518. Fountains:
OJ
2 and 2.15. Planned visit 1553 of Suleiman:
OJ
2.709–10. Fountains: Khadr Salameh, ‘Aspects of the
Sijills
of the Shari’a Court in Jerusalem’, in
OJ
103–43. Suleiman fountains, population Haram:
OJ
4–8. Spolia in Jaffa Gate: Boas,
Jerusalem
52. Suleiman and Roxelana, political ethos: Finkel 115–18, 129–30; 133, 144–5, 148–50. Solomon of his age, politics, imperial projection: David Myres, ‘An Overview of the Islamic Architecture of Ottoman Jerusalem’,
OJ
325–54. Abraham Castro, gates, Sinan planner,
Archeological Park
8. Walls, second Solomon: Yusuf Natsheh, ‘The Architecture of Ottoman Jerusalem’, in
OJ
583–655. Urban renewal, number of tiles, and Dome/al-Aqsa: Beatrice St Laurent, ‘Dome of the Rock: Restorations and Significance, 1540–1918’, in
OJ
415–21. Khassaki Sultan project:
OJ
747–73. David Myres, ‘Al-Imara al-Amira: The Khassaki Sultan 1552’, in
OJ
539–82. Ottoman style: Hillenbrand,
OJ
15–23. Hereditary architect dynasty of al-Nammar: Mahmud Atallah, ‘The Architects in Jerusalem in the 10th–11th/16th–17th Centuries’, in
OJ
159–90.