Magnificent Delusions (62 page)

31
. Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Secretary of State Rogers and the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], Washington, DC, March 29, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

32
. Memorandum of Conversation between Nixon, Kissinger and Aziz Ahmed, Washington, DC, March 29, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

33
. Letter from Pakistani President Bhutto to President Nixon, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, April 18, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

34
. National Intelligence Estimate, “Pakistan: Short-Term Problems and Prospects,” May 5, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

35
. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,
If I Am Assassinated…
(New Delhi, India: Vikas Publishing House, 1979), 130.

36
. “India and Pakistan: Show the Way,”
Washington Post, Times Herald
, July 8, 1972.

37
. Telegram 32, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, January 2, 1973,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

38
. Memorandum from Harold Saunders and John Holdridge of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], Washington, DC, November 8, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

39
. Telegram 4533, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, June 4, 1973,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

40
. Telegram 4712, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, June 8, 1973,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

41
. Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger] to President Nixon, Washington, DC, March 7, 1973,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

42
. Department of State, “Issues and Talking Points—Bhutto Visit,” July 1973, in
The American Papers: Secret and Confidential India, Pakistan, Bangladesh Documents, 1965–1973
, ed. Roedad Khan (Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1999), 960.

43
. Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, DC, September 18, 1973,
FRUS E-7
(1969–1976).

44
. Ibid.

45
. Ibid.

46
. Cable from Embassy in Iran to Department of State, “Secretary Connally Travel: Memorandum of Secretary Connally's Meeting with President Bhutto at the Presidential Palace in Rawalpindi on July 6, 1972,” July 8, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

47
. “Bhutto and US—Assistance without Arms,” editorial,
Los Angeles Times
, September 19, 1973.

48
. “Mr Bhutto's Visit,”
Washington Post, Times Herald
, September 22, 1973.

49
. Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, DC, September 19, 1973,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

50
. W. Eric Gustafson, “Economic Problems of Pakistan under Bhutto,”
Asian Survey
16, no. 4 (1976): 373.

51
. Anwar H. Syed, “Pakistan in 1976—Business as Usual,”
Asian Survey
17, no. 2 (1977): 188.

52
. Ibid.

53
. Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, “Pakistan and the Middle East: An Assessment of Military Ties,” June 15, 1973, in Khan,
The American Papers
, 937–943.

54
. Memorandum from the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research to Director of Central Intelligence, “Prospects of an Indian Nuclear Test,” February 23, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

55
. Ibid.

56
. “India Joins the Club,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 21, 1974.

57
. Cable from Embassy New Delhi to Department of State, “India's Nuclear Explosion: Why Now?” May 18, 1974,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

58
. Telegram 5623, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, June 12, 1974,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

59
. Cited in Kausar Niazi,
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan: The Last Days
(New Delhi, India: Vikas, 1992), 99.

60
. Memorandum of Conversation between Kissinger and Aziz Ahmed, Washington, DC, September 30, 1974,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

61
. Memorandum of Conversation, Islamabad, Pakistan, October 31, 1974,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

62
. Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, DC, February 5, 1975,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

63
. National Security Decision Memorandum 289, Washington, DC, March 24, 1975,
FRUS
E-y (1969–1976).

64
. Telegram 10198, from the Secretary's Delegation in Alexandria, Egypt, to the Embassy in Pakistan, August 30, 1975,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

65
. Memorandum of Conversation, New York, September 30, 1975,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

66
. “Halting Pakistan,”
New York Times
, February 25, 1976.

67
. Letter from President Ford to Pakistani Prime Minister Bhutto, Washington, DC, March 19, 1976,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

68
. Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, DC, September 11, 1976,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

69
. Memorandum of Conversation between Secretary of State Vance and State Department Officials, “Non Proliferation: Next Steps on Pakistan and Brazil,” January 7, 1977, National Security Archives.

70
. Bhutto,
If I Am Assassinated
, 59.

71
. Memorandum of Conversation, Islamabad, Pakistan, October 31, 1974,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

72
. Biographic Sketch General Mohammad Zia ul Haq, August 1988, Defense Intelligence Agency, National Security Archives.

73
. Inter-Services Intelligence, Top Secret Paper for Prime Minister, “General Elections,” October 5, 1976.

74
. Memo from Warren Christopher to Carter, “Reprocessing Negotiations with Pakistan: A Negotiating Strategy,” April 2, 1977, Secret, National Security Archives, Record Group 59, Department of State Records, Records of Warren Christopher, 1977–1980, box 17, January–December 1977.

75
. Lewis Simons, “Pakistan Spurred by Tear Gas Decision, Seen Reconsidering Ties…,”
Washington Post
, April 27, 1977.

76
. Lewis Simons, “Pakistani Outraged: Bhutto Says US Is Trying to Oust Him,”
Washington Post
, April 29, 1971.

77
. James Markham, “Bhutto Presses Political Attack as Clashes Continue,”
New York Times
, May 1, 1977.

78
. White House Sit Rep Memorandum, Top Secret, June 13, 1977, National Security Archives.

79
. Clifford Manshardt, “In Pakistan, Politics Becomes a Holy War,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 3, 1977.

80
. “Pakistan Awaits a Rebirth,”
Los Angeles Times
, July 7, 1977.

Chapter Five: A Most Superb and Patriotic Liar

1
. Vernon Walters, Cable from Embassy Islamabad to State Department, “My First Meeting with President Zia,” July 5, 1982, and “My Final Meeting with President Zia,” July 6, 1982,” National Security Archives.

2
. Cable from Embassy Pakistan to State Department, “Pakistan Nuclear Issue: Meeting with General Zia,” October 17 and 25, 1982, National Security Archives.

3
. Memorandum from Secretary of State George Shultz to President Reagan, “How Do We Make Use of the Zia Visit to Protect Our Strategic Interests in the Face of Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Activities,” November 26, 1982, National Security Archives.

4
. Douglas Brinkley, ed.,
The Reagan Diaries: Ronald Reagan
(New York: Harper Collins, 2007), 117.

5
. Bernard Weinraub, “US Withholds Sale of Jets to Pakistan,”
New York Times
, June 3, 1977.

6
. Memo from US Embassy Islamabad to Secretary State, Reply re: Secretary of State Letter to Embassy in Paris on Pakistan Reprocessing Issue, April 1978, National Security Archives.

7
. Feroz Hassan Khan,
Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012), 6.

8
. U.S. Embassy Islamabad Cable 7591 to State Department, “Pakistan Reprocessing Plant: USG Stipulation,” August 5, 1978, Secret, National Security Archives.

9
. Memorandum from US Embassy Islamabad to State Department, “Nuclear Reprocessing,” August 6, 1978, Secret, National Security Archives.

10
. Transcript of Interview to Bernard Nossiter,
Washington Post
, April 25, 1978, in Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq,
President of Pakistan General Zia ul Haq: Interviews to Foreign Media
, vol. 1 (Islamabad, Pakistan: Directorate of Film and Publications Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1983), 96. The
Post
published only part of the quote in a story on May 1, 1978, titled, “Pakistani Chief Denies Political Ambition.”

11
. Memorandum from US Embassy Islamabad to Secretary of State, June 1978, “No Evidence of Afghanistan Opposition Coalition in Pakistan,” National Security Archives.

12
. “US to Renew Aid to Pakistan,” editorial,
Washington Post
, August 25, 1978.

13
. Ian Stephens,
Horned Moon: An Account of a Journey through Pakistan, Kashmir, and Afghanistan
(London: Chatto and Windus, 1953), 108.

14
. John C. Griffiths,
Afghanistan: Key to a Continent
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1981), 154.

15
. Mohammad Asghar Khan,
Generals in Politics: Pakistan 1958–1982
(New Delhi, India: Vikas Publishing, 1983), 71.

16
. Selig S. Harrison, “How the Soviet Union Stumbled into Afghanistan,” in
Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal
, eds., Diego Cordovez and Selig S. Harrison (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 15.

17
. Memo from Embassy Islamabad Cable to State Department, “Ambassador's Talk with General Zia,” September 5, 1978, National Security Archives.

18
. “Congressional Consultations on Pakistan,” State Department from Newsom to US Embassy Vienna, September 15, 1978, Secret, National Security Archives.

19
. CIA Study, “Re: Pakistan Strong Motivation to Develop Their Nuclear Capability,” April 26, 1978, National Security Archives.

20
. “Congressional Consultations on Pakistan.”

21
. From US Embassy Paris to State Department, October 22, 1978, “Pakistan Ambassador to France Hardlines on Reprocessing Plant,” National Security Archives.

22
. Memo for Director, CIA from John Despres, National Intelligence Officer for Nuclear Proliferation via Deputy Director for National Foreign Assessment [and] National Intelligence Officer for Warning “Monthly Warning Report—Nuclear Proliferation,” December 5, 1978; Memo from John Despres, NIO for Nuclear Proliferation, to Interagency Intelligence Working Group on Nuclear Proliferation, “Monthly Warning Report—May Soon Acquire All the Essential Components for a Plant,” January 18, 1979, National Security Archives.

23
. Cable from Embassy Islamabad to State Department, “Pakistan Nuclear Program: Technical Team Visit,” February 27, 1979, National Security Archives.

24
. Cable from Embassy Islamabad to State Department, “Pakistan's Nuclear Program: Hard Choices,” March 5, 1979, National Security Archives.

25
. Memorandum from Harold Saunders and Thomas Pickering to Secretary of State, “A Strategy for Pakistan,” March 5, 1979, National Security Archives.

26
. Cable from Embassy Islamabad to State Department, “Nuclear Aspects of DepSec Visit Discussed with UK and French Ambassadors,” March 7, 1979, National Security Archives.

27
. Memorandum of the Presidential Review Committee Meeting, “Pakistan,” March 9, 1979, National Security Archives.

28
. Robert Trumbull, “Pakistan Denies It Plans A-bomb, Denounces Washington Aid Cut-Off,”
New York Times
, April 8, 1979.

29
. “Pakistan and the Bomb,”
Washington Post
, April 9, 1979.

30
. Memorandum from Anthony Lake to Secretary of State, “The Pakistan Strategy and Future Choices,” September 8, 1979, National Security Archives.

31
. Cable from Embassy New Delhi to State Department, “India and the Pakistan Nuclear Problem,” June 7, 1979, National Security Archives.

32
. Seymour Topping, “Zia Denies Pakistan Builds Nuclear Bomb and Urges US to Resume Aid,”
New York Times
, September 23, 1979.

33
. Transcript of Interview to Sig Gissler,
Milwaukee Journal
, January 18, 1979, in Zia-ul-Haq,
President of Pakistan General Zia ul Haq
, vol. 2, 31.