Ostkrieg (110 page)

76
. Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,' ” 1177–78; Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 493–97; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 637–40; Steinert,
Hitler's War
, 234–35, 240–41.

77
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 493–96.

78
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 311–12; Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,' ” 1177–78; Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 495, 498; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 632–40;
TBJG
, 6 June 1944; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 626–34; Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 656–66, and “German Plans for Victory.”

79
. Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 311–12; Wegner, “Die Kriegführung des ‘als ob,' ” 1174–75, 1177–79; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 631, 633; Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 346; Frieser, “Der Rückschlag des Pendels,” 449–50, and “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 498–501.

1
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 501–5.

2
. Ibid., 501–5; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 313–14; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 195–96.

3
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 501–5; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 313–14; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 139–40; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 298–99.

4
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 505–7, 536–37; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 316–18; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 133; Glantz and Orenstein, eds.,
Belorussia 1944
, 7; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 196–99.

5
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 504–5; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 313–14; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 140–41.

6
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 526–30; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 315; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 136–37; Niepold,
Battle for White Russia
, 56–64; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 198.

7
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 530–35, 593; Ziemke,
Stalingrad
to Berlin
, 315; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 136–38; Niepold,
Battle for White Russia
, 33–34, 44; Glantz and Orenstein, eds.,
Belorussia 1944
, 41–42, 47–48, 55–64; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 201–2.

8
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 507–15; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 315–16.

9
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 518–25; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 140–42.

10
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 517–18; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 314–16; Baker, “Explaining Defeat,” 134–35.

11
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 537–39; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 319–20; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 201–5; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 299–300.

12
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 539–43; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 320–21; Niepold,
Battle for White Russia
, 110, 146–47.

13
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 545–46; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 320–21.

14
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 546–48; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 321–22.

15
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 543–45; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 321, 323; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 206–7.

16
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 548–49; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 324–25.

17
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 550–52; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 324–25; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 207.

18
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 552–57; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 324–25; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 207–8.

19
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 556–60; Messerschmidt, “Die Wehrmacht,” 236; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 325–28, 336–39.

20
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 556–63; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 335–36; Below,
Als Hitlers Adjutant
, 378–80; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 649–51.

21
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 563–72; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 337–39.

22
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 565, 570–82.

23
. Ibid., 582–87; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 341–42.

24
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 585–87; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 340–42. For a recent account of the Warsaw Uprising, one that criticizes Stalin for deliberately allowing the Poles to be crushed, see Davies,
Rising '44
.

25
. Messerschmidt, “Die Wehrmacht,” 237–38.

26
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 592–94, 601; Wegner, “Im Schatten der ‘Zweiten Front'?” 129–30; Overy,
Why the Allies Won
, 332; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 215; Zetterling, “Loss Rates on the Eastern Front,” 900–902.

27
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 594–95; Hubert Van Tuyll, “D-Day in the East,” 222–24; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 150; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 306.

28
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 586–87, 596–603; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 214–15; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 307–8.

29
. Overmans,
Deutsche militärische Verluste
, 238, 278; Boog, “The Strategic Air War,” 293, and “Die strategische Bomberoffensive”; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 649; Blank, “Wartime Daily Life,” 475–76.

30
. Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 705; Longerich, “Joseph Goebbels,” 287–96.

31
. “Führen wir einen totalen Krieg?”
Das Reich
, 2 July 1944; Longerich, “Joseph Goebbels,” 297–99; Beyer, “Pläne der faschistischen Führung zum totalen Krieg”; Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 396–97.

32
. Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 707–8, 711–13;
TBJG
, 22 June 1944, 23–25 July 1944; Hancock,
National Socialist Leadership
, 127–38; Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 398–407; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 637–38; Müller, “Der Zusammenbruch des Wirtschaftslebens,” 75.

33
. Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 712–15; Hancock,
National Socialist Leadership
, 152–58, and “Employment in Wartime”; Herbert,
Fremdarbeiter
, 270–73, and
Hitler's Foreign Workers
, 359–64; Müller, “Der Zusammenbruch des Wirtschaftslebens,” 53, 69–71; Kunz, “Die Wehrmacht,” 13–17, 25–27.

34
. Müller, “Der Zusammenbruch des Wirtschaftslebens,” 53, 74–84; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 627–39; Allen,
The Business of Genocide
, 232–39; Herbert, “Labour and Extermination,” 187–91. For a good short discussion of the various miracle weapons, see Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 660–75.

35
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 627–39, 648–51; Boog, “The Strategic Air War in Europe,” 118; Müller, “Albert Speer und die deutsche Rüstungspolitik,” 432; Blank, “Wartime Daily Life,” 462–64; Mierzejewski,
The Collapse of the German War Economy
, 103–76; Overy,
Why the Allies Won
, 127–32, 331–32.

36
. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 642–48; Aly,
Hitler's Beneficiaries
, 110–17, 132–34; Müller, “Der Zusammenbruch des Wirtschaftslebens,” 60–62, and “Albert Speer und die deutsche Rüstungspolitik,” 476–77, 492–93.

37
. Steinert,
Hitler's War
, 262, 264–73; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 698–705; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 702–4; Blank, “Wartime Daily Life,” 458–74.

38
. Steinert,
Hitler's War
, 273–86; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 675–78; Mam-mach,
Der Volkssturm
, 150; Seidler,
Deutscher Volkssturm
, 374; Kunz, “Die Wehrmacht,” 14–16, 26–27; Müller and Ueberschär, eds.,
Kriegsende 1945
, 154–72; Fritz, “ ‘This is the way wars end,' ” and
Endkampf
, 115–58. For the best account of the Volkssturm in English, see Yelton,
Hitler's Volkssturm
.

39
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 604–12.

40
. Ibid., 612–19; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 738;
TBJG
, 23–24 October 1944.

41
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 619–22; Glantz, “The Failures of Historiography,” 803–5; Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, 562; Steinert,
Hitler's War
, 287–90; Zeidler, “Die Rote Armee auf deutschem Boden.”

42
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 623–28.

43
. Ibid., 629–35, 666–67; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 226–27.

44
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 635–64, 670; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 228–29; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 403–9.

45
. Frieser, “Der Zusammenbruch im Osten,” 668–78; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 747. See also Grier,
Hitler, Dönitz, and the Baltic Sea
, esp. chap. 7.

46
. Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 216–17; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 338–41; Schönherr, “Die Rückzugskämpfe in Rumänien und Siebenbürgen,” 731–43; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 346–50.

47
. Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 217–18; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 341–42; Schönherr, “Die Rückzugskämpfe in Rumänien und Siebenbürgen,” 743–46; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 349–50.

48
. Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 218–21; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 342–43; Schönherr, “Die Rückzugskämpfe in Rumänien und Siebenbürgen,” 746–815; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 350–56.

49
. Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 221–23; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 347–48; Ungvary, “Kriegsschauplatz Ungarn,” 849–83; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 359–64.

50
. Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 224–25; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 348–49; Ungvary, “Kriegsschauplatz Ungarn,” 883–902; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 378–86.

51
. Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 233–36; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 347–48; Ungvary, “Kriegsschauplatz Ungarn,” 902–43; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 359–64.

A possible explanation for Hitler's obsession with counterattacking in Hungary might be found in a remark to Goebbels at the beginning of March: “The preconditions for entering discussions [for a separate peace] with one side or the other is that we have a military success. Stalin must first be dealt a blow [
muß erst Federn lassen
] before he will have anything to do with us” (
TBJG
, 5 March 1945; Lakowski, “Der Zusammenbruch der deutschen Verteidigung,” 524).

1
. Lakowski, “Der Zusammenbruch der deutschen Verteidigung,” 491–93; Domarus, ed.,
Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen
, 1:1312–17, 2:1935, 2162–67; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 740, 753–55; Wegner, “Hitler und die Choreographie des Untergangs,” and “Die Choreographie des Untergangs,” 1192–1209; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 362.

2
. Overmans,
Deutsche militärische Verluste
, 238.

3
. Lakowski, “Der Zusammenbruch der deutschen Verteidigung,” 494–97; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 410–14.

4
. Lakowski, “Der Zusammenbruch der deutschen Verteidigung,” 495–506; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 236; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 335; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 418.

5
. Lakowski, “Der Zusammenbruch der deutschen Verteidigung,” 510–15; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 236–41; Mawdsley,
Thunder in the East
, 333–36; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 417–20.

6
. Lakowski, “Der Zusammenbruch der deutschen Verteidigung,” 496, 502–6; Kershaw,
Hitler: Nemesis
, 756–57; Guderian,
Panzer Leader
, 383–88; Glantz and House,
When Titans Clashed
, 241–42; Ziemke,
Stalingrad to Berlin
, 417–18.