The Last Empire (74 page)

CHAPTER 10

1
. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 539.

2
. Ibid.; Joe Hyams,
Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War
(New York, 1991); Webster Griffin Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin,
George Bush: An Unauthorized Biography
(Joshua Tree, CA, 2004), 101–114.

3
. Anatol Lieven,
The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence
(New Haven, CT, 1994), 82–85, 204–254, 374–384.

4
. Author's interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012.

5
. Secstate to Amembassy Bucharest, March 22, 1991, Subject: CSCE: Handling Moldova in CSCE, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns and Ed A. Hewett Series, Russia Subject Files: 4.3.0—US Relations with Russia, Policy on the Debate over the Union; Nicholas Burns to Ed Hewett, “Response to the Soviet Embassy on the USSR Borders,” April 1, 1991, ibid.; George Bush to Mikhail Gorbachev, draft of August 27, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns and Ed A. Hewett Series, USSR Chronological Files: August 1991, no. 1.

6
. James A. Baker with Thomas M. DeFrank,
The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace 1989–1992
(New York, 1995), 238; address by Jack Matlock at the Davis Center, Harvard University, October 25, 2011.

7
. George H. W. Bush to Mikhail Gorbachev, January 23, 1991, James A. Baker Papers, box 109, folder 9; Jack Matlock,
Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union
(New York, 1994), 469–473.

8
. Edward W. Walker,
Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union
(Lanham, MD, 2003), 55–178;
Raspad SSSR: Dokumenty i fakty (1986–1992 gg.)
, vol. 1,
Normativnye akty. Ofitsial'nye soobshcheniia
, ed. S. M. Shakhrai (Moscow, 2009), 265–635.

9
. Author's interview with Thomas Simons, May 13, 2013; George H. W. Bush to Mikhail Gorbachev, January 23, 1991; Robert M. Gates,
From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How they Won the Cold War
(New York, 1996), 528–529.

10
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
207, 223; Olgerts Pavlovskis, Chairman of Joint Baltic American National Committee to President Bush, June 13, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, White House Office of Records Management, Subject Files, General: Economic Summit, London, England, 7/15–17/91; Benjamin L. Cardin and 44 other members of the US Congress to President Bush, July 26, 1991, ibid.; letter from the leadership of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, signed by Senator Alfonse D'Amato and others, to President Bush, July 26, 1991, ibid.; “Points to Be Made for Meeting with President Boris Yeltsin” [[July 1991]], Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Subject Files: POTUS Trip to Moscow and Kiev, July 27–August 1, 1991, no. 1; “Points to Be Made for Meeting with Chairman Leonid Kravchuk” [[July 1991]], ibid., no. 3.

11
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
533–534; Amembasy Moscow, to Secstate, Washington, August 25, 1991, Subject: Baltic Independence Initiative: Letter from Lithuanian President Landsbergis to the President, 1–2, r, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, White House Situation Room Files: USSR Part 4 of 4 Moscow Coup Attempt (1991), no. 7; Amembasy Moscow, to Secstate, Washington, August 26, 1991, Subject: USSR Supreme Soviet Special Session Begins with Endless Procedural Wrangling, ibid., Situation Room Files: USSR Part 4 of 4 Moscow Coup Attempt (1991), no. 9.

12
. Slade Gorton to George H. W. Bush, August 23, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, White House Office of Records Management, Subject Files, General: Russia; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
538–539.

13
. Memorandum of telephone conversation, Bush and Vytautas Landsbergis, August 31, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-31—Landsbergis.pdf
; Bush and Arnold Ruutel, September 2, 1991, ibid.,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-09-02—Ruutel.pdf
;
Bush and Anatolii Gorbunovs, September 2, 199, ibid.,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-09-02—Gorbunovs.pdf
.; George Bush to Vytautas Landsbergis, August 31, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Jane Hall Series, Soviet Union, 1991; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, 539.

14
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
540; Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
526.

15
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
540–541; Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott,
At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War
(Boston, 1993), 441, 444–445.

16
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
541–542.

17
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
624–636; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
541–542; Dick Cheney with Liz Cheney,
In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir
(New York, 2011), 231–232.

18
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
541–542.

19
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
526–527; Gates,
From the Shadows,
85–96; Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 661–662; Vladislav M. Zubok,
A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2007), 254–264; Anatoly Adamishin and Richard Schifter,
Human Rights, Perestroika and the End of the Cold War
(Washington, D.C., 2009).

20
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
526–529; Boris Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days of the Soviet Union
(London, 1996), 115–122; JAB exchange of notes w/Strauss re: meetings w/Gorbachev/Yeltsin in Moscow 9/11/91, James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 7.

21
. Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days
, 53, 71, 106; Zubok,
A Failed Empire,
140; Eric Shiraev and Vladislav Zubok,
Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin
(New York, 2000).

22
. Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days
, 104–105, 113.

23
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
526–539.

24
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
532–533; Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008), 928.

25
. Khristina Lew, “Ukrainians Demonstrate Across United States. 5000 rally Across from White House,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
September 29, 1991, 1; Marta Kolomayets, “Delegation Representing Free Ukraine Arrives in US. Kravchuk Meets with Bush, Addresses UN Assembly,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
October 6, 1991, 1.

26
. “Meeting with Leonid Kravchuk, Ukrainian Supreme Soviet Chairman,” September 25, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-09-25—Kravchuk.pdf
;
“Meeting with Soviet Foreign Minister Boris Pankin During the UNGA,” September 24, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bush.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-09-24—Pankin.pdf
; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
543; Marta Kolomayets, “Kravchuk Delegation in US Capital Emphasizes Ukraine's Independence,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
October 6, 1991, 1; author's interview with Leonid Kravchuk, Kyiv, September 1, 2011; Anatolii Zlenko,
Dyplomatiia i polityka. Ukraïna v protsesi dynamichnykh heopolitychnykh zmin
(Kharkiv, 2003), 239–240.

27
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
544–545; Telcon with secretary-general of NATO Manfred Woerner, September 27, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-09-27—Woerner.pdf
.

28
. “Address to the Nation on Reducing United States and Soviet Nuclear Weapons,” September 27, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers
. php?id=3438&year=1991&month=9; Telcon with Mikhail Gorbachev, president of the USSR, September 27, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-09-27—Gorbachev.pdf
.

29
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
544–545; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
990; Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days
, 107; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
547; “Telecon with Mikhail Gorbachev, President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,” October 5, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-10-05—Gorbachev.pdf
.

30
. Gates,
From the Shadows,
530.

CHAPTER 11

1
. Telecon with Boris Yeltsin, President of the Russian Republic,” Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-09-25--Yeltsin.pdf
; author's interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012.

2
. “Mirotvorcheskaia missiia El'tsina i Nazarbaeva zavershilas'. Podpisano piatistoronnee kommiunike,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
September 25, 1991; Timothy J. Colton,
Yeltsin: A Life
(New York, 2008), 223; Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008), 997.

3
. Colton,
Yeltsin,
223; Petr Aven and Al'fred Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!,” interview with Gennadii Burbulis,
Forbes
(Russian edition), July 22, 2010,
http://www.forbes.ru/ekonomika/vlast/53407-eltsin-sluzhil-nam
.

4
. Yegor Gaidar,
Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia
(Washington, D.C., 2007), 228–229.

5
. “Silaev protiv Silaeva,”
Izvestiia,
September 25, 1991; “Beseda glavnogo redaktora Valentina Logunova s chlenom Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Mikhailom Poltoraninym,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
September 26, 1991; “Silaev vyshel iz kabineta,”
Moskovskie novosti
, September 29, 1991.

6
. James A. Baker with Thomas M. deFrank,
The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992
(New York, 1995), 538–539; Sergei Stankevich, “Ia dumaiu El'tsin dolzhen prosto vybrat',”
Moskovskie novosti
, September 29, 1991.

7
. John Dunlop,
The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire
(Princeton, NJ, 1995), 261–464;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit'. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional'nogo gosudarsta
, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 328; Aven and Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!”

8
. Yegor Gaidar,
Dni porazhenii i pobed
(Moscow, 1997), 1–259; Vadim Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva. Vzgliad iznutri
(Moscow, 1994), 219.

9
. Gaidar,
Dni porazhenii i pobed,
253.

10
. Ibid., 256–259, 261–264.

11
. Aven and Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!”

12
. Ibid.; Mikhail Gorbachev,
Poniat' perestroiku
(Moscow, 2006), 347.

13
. Georgii Shakhnazarov,
Tsena svobody. Reformatsiia Gorbacheva glazami ego pomoshchnika
(Moscow, 1993), 281–282;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
323–324.

14
. Shakhnazarov,
Tsena svobody,
284–285.

15
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
327–328; “Prem'er ne soglasilsia s ekonomicheskoi politikoi SSSR,”
Kurs
, December 15, 2011,
http://www.kurs.ru/15/8946
.

16
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
992.

17
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
323–324, 329.

18
. Shakhnazarov,
Tsena svobody,
287–289; Boris Yeltsin, “Zamechaniia po proektu Soiuznogo dogovora ot 25 oktiabria 1991 g.,” Gorbachev Foundation Archive, fond 5, no. 3730.01.

19
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
997;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
332–333; Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva,
217–218.

20
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
997.

21
. Ibid., 997; Boris Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days of the Soviet Union
(London, 1996), 244.

22
. “Telecon; with Boris Yeltsin, President of the Republic of Russia,” October 8, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-10-08—Yeltsin.pdf
.