The Last Empire (75 page)

23
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
997, Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva,
218;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
330–353.

24
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
334, 353–354; Edward W. Walker,
Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union
(Lanham, MD, 2003), 147; Dunlop,
The Rise of Russia,
267.

25
. Gaidar,
Dni porazhenii i pobed
, 279.

26
. Ibid., 278–279; Aven and Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!”

27
. Boris Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York, 1994), 124–126.

28
. Aven and Kokh, “El'tsin sluzhil nam!”

29
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
353–354.

30
. “Telecon with Boris Yeltsin, President of the Republic of Russia,” October 25, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-10-25—Yeltsin.pdf
.

31
. Boris El'tsin, “Obrashchenie k narodam Rossii, k S”ezdu narodnykh deputatov Rossiiskoi Federatsii,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
September 29, 1991.

32
. “My boialis' shokovoi terapii, a poluchili shokovuiu khirurgiiu,”
Izvestiia,
October 29, 1991; “Samyi populiarnyi prezident nakonets-to gotov k samym nepopuliarnym meram. Gruppu kamikadze vozglavit El'tsin,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
October 29, 1991; “Rossiiskaia programma reform: reaktsiia v respublikakh neodnoznachna,”
Izvestiia,
October 30, 1991.

CHAPTER 12

1
. James A. Baker with Thomas M. DeFrank,
The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992
(New York, 1995), 515; Gregory Harms and Todd M. Ferry,
The Palestine-Israel Conflict: A Basic Introduction
, 2nd ed. (London, 2008), 141–158; “The Madrid Peace Conference,”
Journal of Palestine Studies
21, no. 2 (Winter 1992): 117–149.

2
. “Charter of Paris for a New Europe,”
www.osce.org/mc/39516
; Mary Elise Sarotte,
1989: The Struggle to Create Post–Cold War Europe
(Princeton, NJ, 2009).

3
. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 407–410; Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
286–287, 316–317, 400–410; George Herring,
From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776
(New York, 2008), 908–912.

4
. Boris Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days of the Soviet Union
(London, 1996), 195–223; Memorandum of Conversation, Meeting with Emir of Bahrain, October 15, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-10-15--Isa%20[[2]].pdf
; “Talking Points for Syria,” September 19, 1991, 1, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Files, Edmund J. Hull Series, Subject Files.

5
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
410, 548; Wilson D. Miscamble,
From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima and the Cold War
(Cambridge, 2007), 203–204.

6
. Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days
, 230; “The President's Press Conference with President Gorbachev of the Soviet Union in Madrid, Spain,” October 29, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3563&year=1991&month=10
.

7
. Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008), 995–996, 1004; Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days
, 230–232.

8
. Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 663; “Telcon with Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez of Spain,” August 19, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-19—Gonzalez.pdf
.

9
. Andrew Rosenthal, “Uncertainty on Gorbachev Gives New Twist to Meeting with Bush,”
New York Times,
October 28, 1991; T. Kolesnichenko and V. Volkov, “Madridskii marafon,”
Pravda,
October 29, 1991; Alan Cowell, “The Middle East Talks: Bush and Gorbachev in Spain: Let the Talks Begin,”
New York Times,
October 30, 1991.

10
. Luncheon Meeting with President Gorbachev, October 29, 1991, 12:30–1:15 p.m., Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-10-29--Gorbachev%20[[1]].pdf
; Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days,
232.

11
. Meeting with President Gorbachev of the USSR, October 29, 1991, 1:20–2:45 p.m., Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-10-29—Gorbachev%20[2].pdf
; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1004–8, 1012, 1016;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit'. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional'nogo gosudarsta
, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 356–358; Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
664–665.

12
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1008–9; Pavel Palazhchenko,
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
(University Park, PA, 1997), 339–341; Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days,
234; Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days,
232.

13
. Amembassy Moscow to Secstate Washington DC, Subject: Clarification of Monday's Speech by Yeltsin, October 26, 1991, 1–7, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, White House Situation Room Files: USSR Part 3 of 4 Moscow Coup Attempt (1991), no. 14.

14
. Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days,
224–235.

15
. Middle East Peace Conference, 1988–1991, James A. Baker Papers, box 106, folder 7.

16
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
358–362; Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days,
234; Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
664–665; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1008–1009; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
549–550.

17
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
985, 1009–1014;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
362–365.

18
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1012; Palazhchenko,
My Years,
339–344.

19
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1014–1016.

20
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
367–372; Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days,
249.

21
. Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days,
236, 248–249; Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
559;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
365–372.

22
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1017–1018.

23
. John B. Dunlop,
Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict
(Cambridge, 1998), 1–84.

24
. “Vsesoiuznaia perepis' naseleniia 1989 g. Natsional'nyi sostav po respublikam SSSR,”
Demoskop Weekly,
http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php
.

25
.
Chechnia v plamene separatizma,
comp. A. Surkov (Saratov, 1997), 65.

26
. Ibid., 62–66; Dunlop,
Russia Confronts Chechnya,
100–115.

27
. Dunlop,
Russia Confronts Chechnya,
115–117.

28
.
Chechnia v plameni separatizma,
77–80; Dunlop,
Russia Confronts Chechnya,
115–117, 121.

29
.
Chechnia v plameni separatizma,
73–74, 77.

30
. Dunlop,
Russia Confronts Chechnya,
117–120;
Raspad SSSR: Dokumenty i fakty (1986–1992 gg.)
, vol. 1,
Normativnye akty. Ofitsial''nye soobshcheniia
, ed. S. M. Shakhrai (Moscow, 2009), 965; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1018;
Chechnia v plameni separatizma,
79, 81.

31
.
Chechnia v plameni separatizma,
82; Dunlop,
Russia Confronts Chechnya,
119–120; Voshchanov, “Kak ia ob”iavlial voinu Ukraine.”

32
. Dunlop,
Russia Confronts Chechnya,
118–119; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1018.

33
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
101–198; Gorbachev,
Memoirs,
688.

34
. Georgii Shakhnazarov,
Tsena svobody. Reformatsiia Gorbacheva glazami ego pomoshchnika
(Moscow, 1993), 291–292, 299.

35
. Ibid., 287–289, 565–567.

36
. Ibid., 565–567; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1020.

37
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1021–1023; Vadim Medvedev,
V komande Gorbacheva. Vzgliad iznutri
(Moscow, 1994), 221;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
375–382; Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days,
258; Edward W. Walker,
Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union
(Lanham, MD, 2003), 149–150.

38
. Palazhchenko,
My Years,
433.

CHAPTER 13

1
. Interview with StanislaÅ­ Shushkevich, Davis Center, Harvard University, April 17, 2000;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit'. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional'nogo gosudarsta
, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 384–393; Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008), 1026–1030.

2
. Chrystyna Lapychak, “Parliament Votes to Boycott Union Structures, Passes Law on Ukrainian Citizenship,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
October 13, 1991, 1–2.

3
. Leonid Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo. Spohady i rozdumy
(Kyiv, 2002), 110; Valentyn Chemerys,
Prezydent. Roman-ese
(Kyiv, 1994), 277.

4
. Georgii Shakhnazarov,
Tsena svobody. Reformatsiia Gorbacheva glazami ego pomoshchnika
(Moscow, 1993), 560–561; Pavel Palazhchenko,
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
(University Park, PA, 1997), 341; George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York, 1998), 550; Andrew Wilson,
Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World
(New Haven, CT, 2005), 1–32.

5
. Palazhchenko,
My Years,
341; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
550.

6
. Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott,
At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War
(Boston, 1993), 448; Renee M. Lamis,
Realignment of Pennsylvania Politics since 1960: Two-party Competition in a Battleground State
(University Park, PA, 2009),119ff.

7
. Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
448–449; Hank Brown to President Bush, September 16, 1991, and draft of Brent Scowcroft's response of December 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Chronological Files: December 1991, no. 1; “U.S. Senate Passes Resolution Urging Recognition of Ukraine,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
December 1, 1991, 1, 14.

8
. “It Would be Prudent, George,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
November 24, 1991, 6; Myron B. Kuropas, “Bren and Harry: Two Peas in a Pod,”
Ukrainian Weekly,
November 24, 1991, 7; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
447–448.

9
. James M. Goldgeier and Michael McFaul,
Power and Purpose: US Policy Toward Russia After the Cold War
(Washington, D.C., 2003), 47.

10
. Roman Popadiuk,
The Leadership of George Bush: An Insider's View of the Forty-First President
(College Station, TX, 2009), 155–160.

11
. James A. Baker with Thomas M. DeFrank,
The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992
(New York, 1995), 560–561; author's interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012; Jeffrey Smith, “U.S. Officials Split over Response to an Independent Ukraine,”
Washington Post,
November 25, 1991.

12
. Christopher Cox and other US congressmen to George H. W. Bush, November 26, 1991, 1–6, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Chronological Files: December 1991, no. 1.

13
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
560–561; “JAB Notes from 11/26/91 Conversation with POTUS (Recognition of Ukraine Independence),” James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 9.

14
. “Draft Cable to USNATO for Nov 27 NAC,” 1–5, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Chronological Files: December 1991, no. 3.