The Last Empire (78 page)

31
. “Telephone Conversation with President Gorbachev of the FSU,” December 13, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-12-13--Gorbachev.pdf
.

32
. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
556–558.

33
. Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
455–456; Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
572.

34
. Alfred Kokh and Petr Aven, “Andrei Kozyrev—nastoiashchii kamikadze,”
Forbes
, Russian edition, September 28, 2011,
www.forbes.ru/ekonomika/lyudi/74501-andrei-kozyrev-nastoyashchii-kamikadze
; Baker, The
Politics of Diplomacy,
564–567.

35
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
567–569; Konstantin Blagodarov, “Ot shedevrov Tsereteli liudi prosto obaldeli,”
Komsomol'skaia pravda,
September 4, 2002.

36
. “JAB Notes from 12/16/91 Mtg. w/Russian Pres. Yeltsin at the Kremlin, St. Catherine's Hall, Moscow, USSR,” James A. Baker Papers, box 176, folder 28; “JAB Notes from 1-on-1 Mtg. w/B. Yeltsin During Which Command and Control of Nuclear Weapons Was Discussed 12/16/91,” James A. Baker Papers,
box 110, folder 10; Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
569–572; Beschloss and Talbott,
At the Highest Levels,
456–457; Kokh and Aven, “Andrei Kozyrev: nastoiashchii kamikadze”; Palazhchenko,
My Years,
353.

37
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
575–578; Kokh and Aven, “Andrei Kozyrev: nastoiashchii kamikadze.”

38
. “Telephone Conversation with President Gorbachev of the FSU,” December 13, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-12-13--Gorbachev.pdf
; Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed,
556–658.

39
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
573–574; Palazhchenko,
My Years,
355–356.

40
. Anatolii Cherniaev, memo, “K besede s Beikerom,” December 1991, Gorbachev Foundation Archive, fond 2, no. 19465.1; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1037.

CHAPTER 17

1
. “Vstrecha dvukh prezidentov,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 18, 1991; “Rossiiane podderzhivaiut sozdanie SNG,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 18, 1991.

2
. Schedules for December 17, 18, and 19, 1991, James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 10.

3
. James A. Baker with Thomas M. DeFrank,
The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992
(New York, 1995), 578–581.

4
. “Nursultan Nazarbaev: Ia pragmatik i budu ottalkivat'sia ot sobytii,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 10, 1991; “Prisiaga Nazarbaeva,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 11, 1991; “Kazakhstan ob”iavil nezavisimost',”
Izvestiia,
December 17, 1991.

5
. “JAB Core Points Used During Trip to Moscow, Bishkek, Alma Ata, Minsk and Kiev, 12/15–18/91,” James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 10; Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
581, 585–586; “Dzh. Beiker—pervyi gost' nezavisimogo Kazakhstana,”
Izvestiia,
December 17, 1991.

6
. James Baker, “The Politics of Diplomacy,” Chapter Files, James A. Baker Papers, box 195, folder 5, chs. 31, 36.

7
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
580–582. Cf. “Zaiavlenie glav gosudarstv Respublika Kazakhstan, Respublika Kyrgyzstan, Respublika Tadzhikistan, Respublika Turkmenistan, Respublika Uzbekistan,”
Izvestiia,
December 17, 1991.

8
. “Godovshchina dekabr'skikh sobytii proshla spokoino,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 18, 1991.

9
. Uak Arken Battaluly,
Materialy genotsida, organizovannogo N. Nazarbaevym protiv Kazakhskogo naroda v dekabre 1986 goda
(Moscow, 2000); Khadzhimurat Kozhanazarov and Aigul Mataeva, “Pravda bessmertna,”
Soldat
, March 27, 2003.

10
. Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
538.

11
. Bruce Pannier, “Kazakhstan: The Forgotten Famine,” Radio Free Europe, December 28, 2007,
www.rferl.org/content/article/1079304.html
; “Separatizm russkikh regionov v Kazakhstane—vina rukovodstva respubliki,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 11, 1991.

12
. “Interv'iu prezidenta Kazakhstana,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 21, 1991.

13
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit'. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional'nogo gosudarsta
, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 486–487.

14
. Leonid Levitin,
Uzbekistan na istoricheskom povorote
(Tashkent, 2005), 8–12.

15
. “O pis'me v TsK KPSS rabotnikov prokuratury SSSR tt. Gdliana T. Kh. i Ivanova N. V. ot 11 noiabria 1986 goda,” RGANI, fond 89, op. 24, no. 18; “TsK KPSS. O khode vypolneniia postanovleniia Politbiuro no. P151/3,” RGANI, fond 89, op. 24, no. 19; Anatolii Sobchak,
Khozhdenie vo vlast'. Rasskaz o rozhdenii parlamenta
(Moscow, 1991), chap. 5.

16
. “Khlopkovoe delo,” YouTube video posted by edglezin, April 1, 2011,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIKYYY3r_vo
; Daniel C. Waugh,
Tamerlane's Heirs: Perspectives on 1991 and Its Aftermath in Central Asia
(Seattle, 2011), 27; “Itogi Ashgabatskoi vstrechi vyzvali vzdokh oblegcheniia v strane,”
Izvestiia,
December 14, 1991.

17
. Waugh,
Tamerlane's Heirs,
26–51; “Itogi Ashgabatskoi vstrechi vyzvali vzdokh oblegcheniia v strane,”
Izvestiia,
December 14, 1991.

18
. “Uchastniki vstrechi v Ashgabate gotovy stat chlenami sodruzhestva. No ravnopravnymi,”
Izvestiia,
December 13, 1991.

19
. “Put' k sodruzhestvu: Minsk—Ashgabat—Alma-Ata,”
Izvestiia,
December 19, 1991; “Istoriia Sovetskogo Soiuza zavershaetsia v stolitse Kazakhstana,”
Izvestiia,
December 20, 1991; “Aiaz Mutalibov tozhe v Alma-Ate,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 21, 1991.

20
. “Gorbachev predlagaet nazvanie: Sodruzhestvo evropeiskikh i aziatskikh gosudarstv—SEAZ,”
Izvestiia,
December 19, 1991;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
488–492.

21
. Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008), 1037; Mikhail Gorbachev,
Memoirs
(New York, 1995), 660.

22
. Boris El'tsin, “My perezhili tragicheskii ėksperiment,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 19, 1991.

23
. “Kakie rabochie i predstavitel'nye organy mogut byt' v SNG,”
Izvestiia,
December 19, 1991, 2; “Respublika vernet sebe staryi gerb,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 19, 1991.

24
. Author's interview with General Kostiantyn Morozov, September 6, 2011; “Oppozitsiia nakalivaet obstanovku. Leonid Kravchuk rukovodit gosudarstvom,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 21, 1991; “Ratifitsirovano soglashenie o sodzruzhestve nezavisimykh gosudarstv. Ukraina,”
Izvestiia,
December 11, 1991; “Sotsiologicheskii opros na aktual'nuiu temu,”
Izvestiia,
December 12, 1991.

25
. “JAB Notes from 12/18/91 Mtg. w/Ukraine Pres. Kravchuk at Mariinskiy Palace in Kiev, Ukraine,” James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 10; Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
581–583.

26
. “JAB Notes from 12/18/91 Mtg. w/Supreme Soviet Chairman Shushkevich at the Government Res. Minsk, Belarussia [[
sic
]],” James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 10; “Stanislav Shushkevich: obresti suverennost', no ne raz”ediniat'sia granitsami,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 10, 1991; “Belorusskaia delegatsiia ser'eznee drugikh otneslas' k peregovoram,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 28, 1991; “Moldova vstupit v SNG?”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 21, 1991.

27
. “Stanet li Belovezhskaia pushcha karabakhskoi,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 21, 1991; Petr Kravchenko, “Belarus' na rasput'e. Zapiski diplomata i politika,”
Narodnaia volia,
nos. 154–157, September 30, 2006; Rossiia priznala nezavisimost' Moldovy,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 19, 1991.

28
. “Shturmuiut politsiiu,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 10, 1991; “Snova krov' v Dubossarakh,”
Izvestiia,
December 14, 1991; “Komitet samooborony Nagorno-Karabakhskoi respubliki,”
Izvestiia,
December 20, 1991; “Armeniia ukrepliaet granitsy,” ibid., 2; “Nezavisimost' tol'ko togda chego-nibud' stoit, kogda ona umeet sebia zashchishchat'. Novye ukazy prezidenta Armenii,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 21, 1991; “Bezopasnost' ne garantiruetsia,”
Rossiiskaia gazeta,
December 21, 1991.

29
. Evgenii Shaposhnikov,
Vybor. Zapiski glavnokomanduiushchego
(Moscow, 1993), 129–130.

30
. “Istoriia Sovetskogo Soiuza zavershaetsia v stolitse Kazakhstana,”
Izvestiia,
December 20, 1991, 1; “Prezident sozdaet armiiu. Chem vse-taki komanduet Leonid Kravchuk?”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 17, 1991; Kostiantyn P. Morozov,
Above and Beyond: From Soviet General to Ukrainian State Builder
(Cambridge, MA, 2000), 183–193; Leonid Kravchuk,
Maiemo te, shcho maiemo. Spohady i rozdumy
(Kyiv, 2002), 145.

31
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
493–503;
Raspad SSSR: Dokumenty i fakty (1986–1992 gg.)
, vol. 1,
Normativnye akty. Ofitsial'nye soobshcheniia
, ed. S. M. Shakhrai (Moscow, 2009), 1044–1053; Morozov,
Above and Beyond,
187–188; Pavel Palazhchenko,
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
(University Park, PA, 1997), 359–360.

32
.
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit',
499.

33
. Telecon with Nursultan Nazarbayev, Saturday, December 21, 1991, 12:55 EST; Baker,
The Politics of Diplomacy,
585.

34
. “V Alma-Ate rodilos' sodruzhestvo 11 nezavisimykh gosudarstv,”
Izvestiia,
December 23, 1991; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1039.

CHAPTER 18

1
. Anatolii Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody
(Moscow, 2008), 1039; Aleksandr Korzhakov,
Boris El'tsin: ot rassveta do zakata
(Moscow, 1997), 129–130; Conor O'Clery,
Moscow, December 25, 1991: The Last Days of the Soviet Union
(New York, 2011), 207–208.

2
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1039–1044; O'Clery,
Moscow,
208.

3
. Aleksandr Iakovlev,
Sumerki
(Moscow, 2005), 506–507; Georgii Shakhnazarov,
Tsena svobody. Reformatsiia Gorbacheva glazami ego pomoshchnika
(Moscow, 1993), 307; O'Clery,
Moscow
, 208–219; Boris Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York, 1994), 120–121; Korzhakov,
Yeltsin,
129–130; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1040, 1042.

4
. Michael Dobbs,
Down with Big Brother: The Fall of the Soviet Empire
(New York, 1997), 447–448; Boris Pankin,
The Last Hundred Days of the Soviet Union
(London, 1996), 86; Yeltsin,
The Struggle for Russia,
122–123, 305–316; O'Clery,
Moscow,
211–214; Korzhakov,
El'tsin,
137–138.

5
. Iakovlev,
Sumerki,
508.

6
. Ibid., 507; Memorandum of telephone conversation with President Boris Yeltsin, December 23, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-12-23—Yeltsin.pdf
.

7
. Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1042; O'Clery,
Moscow
, 208, 211–214.

8
. O'Clery,
Moscow
, 25–26.

9
. Pavel Palazhchenko,
My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter
(University Park, PA, 1997), 364–366; “Telecon with Mikhail Gorbachev, President of the Soviet Union,” December 25, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons,
http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-12-25—Gorbachev.pdf
.

10
. Palazhchenko,
My Years,
365.

11
. O'Clery,
Moscow
, 201–205, 218, 226.

12
. Ibid., 222, 225; Cherniaev,
Sovmestnyi iskhod,
1040–1042; “Obrashchenie M. S. Gorbacheva k narodu,” December 1991, Gorbachev Foundation Archive, fond 5, no. 10868; Andrei Grachev, “Proekt obrashcheniia Prezidenta SSSR k narodu,” December 14, 1991, Gorbachev Foundation Archive, fond 5, no. 10884.1;
Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit'. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional'nogo gosudarsta
, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 504–507; “Yeltsin po-prezhnemu populiaren. Po krainei mere v Moskve,”
Nezavisimaia gazeta,
December 19, 1991.