The Perfect Heresy (49 page)

death of,
175
–76

in defense of Toulouse,
135
,
136

diplomatic offensive by,
117
–20

excommunication,
65
,
66
,
117
–18,
120
,
124
,
126
,
127
,
129

fled to England,
149

at Fourth Lateran Council,
152

personal characteristics,
108

public scourging,
67
–68,
69
–70,
187

punishment,
140

seal of,
45
f

in siege of Toulouse,
161
–62

tolerance toward Cathars,
111

Raymond VII, count of Toulouse (Raymond the younger),
xii
,
134
,
145
,
149
,
155
,
156
,
158
–59,
170
,
172
,
176
,
179
–80,
196
,
200
,
207

became Raymond VII,
175

death of,
224
–25

excommunicated,
180

hunting down Perfects,
192

and Inquisition,
202
–4,
208

and Montségur,
218

persecution of Cathars,
223
–24

public penance,
187
–90,
188
f

revolt by,
211
–13

and royal crusade,
182
,
184
,
187

seal of,
180
f

and siege of Toulouse,
164

Reconquista,
133

Reincarnation,
11
,
21
,
25
–26

Relics,
25
,
38
,
144

Renaissance of twelfth century,
7
–8

Rennes-le-Château,
261

Revivalist tours,
59
–60

Rheims,
181

Rhineland,
8
,
195

Ribauds,
71
–72,
83
,
86

Riccardo,
37
,
118

Richard Lionheart,
45
,
72
,
225

Richard of Cornwall,
212

River Aude,
18
,
88
,
91

River Orb,
78
,
82
–83

Robert le Bougre,
195

Robert of Arbrissel,
27
–28,
40
,
224

Roché, Déodat,
254
–55,
258
,
259
–60

Roger Bernard of Foix,
136
,
170
,
184
,
225

defection of,
212
,
213
,
225

in siege of Toulouse,
163
,
165

Roman Forum,
36
,
37

Roman law,
151

Romano di San Angelo, Cardinal,
179
–80,
181
,
183
,
185
–86,
187
,
196

punishment of Raymond VII,
187
–90

Rome,
32
–39

ruled by Innocent,
118
,
119

Roquebert, Michel,
183

Rouen,
181

Royal crusade,
182
–87,
206

SS. Sergio and Bacco (church),
37

Sacraments, Cathar,
23
–24

St. Félix en Lauragais,
21
,
22
,
23
,
24
,
26
,
31
,
41
,
52
,
130
,
208

Saint Gilles (family),
46
–47,
49
,
70
,
94
,
120
,
127
,
152
,
162

burial ground of,
175

end of line of,
225

followers of,
157

lands of,
135
,
156

loss of power,
213

patrimony,
207

St. Gilles (town),
51
,
57
,
66
,
67
,
180
,
183

church at,
70
,
117
,
120
,
187

special conclave in,
124
–25,
126

St. John Lateran (basilica),
37
–38

St. Nazaire Cathedral,
167

St. -Pons-de-Thomieres,
51

St. Sernin (church),
175

Sainte Chapelle,
189

Saladin,
72

Sancha of Aragon (wife of Raymond VII),
138
,
207

Sancho, count of Provence,
138

Sang de Toulouse, Le
(Magre),
255

Sans, Peter,
237

Sant Mateu,
242
,
243
,
244
,
246

Secular clergy,
50
,
59
,
172

Seila, Peter,
200
,
201
,
202
,
204
,
206

Sens,
181

Servian,
62

Sicard of Lunel,
229
,
246

Sicre, Arnold,
242
–46

Siege engines,
96
–97,
164
–65,
216

Siege warfare,
145
,
217

Sieges,
84

Carcassonne,
92
,
99
–100,
101
–3,
105
,
206
–7

Lavaur,
129
–31

Montségur,
7

Toulouse,
157
–68,
167
f
,
169
,
212
,
216

Sierra Morena,
132
–33

Simon de Montfort,
xiii
,
15
,
102
f
,
107
–9,
117
,
133
,
170
,
173
,
182
,
186
,
189
,
206
,
225

Albigensian Crusade,
6

attack on Minerve,
112
–15

army of,
108
–9

battle of Muret,
141
–49

bond of vassalage to Aragon,
127
–28,
140

campaign of 1210,
106
,
124
,
125
,
127

death of,
166
–68,
167
f
,
172
,
174

fight with Pedro of Aragon,
134
,
136
–37

lands awarded to,
155
–56

ordered to end crusade,
138
–39

poll tax,
109
–10

repulsed before Cabaret,
105

resistance to,
110

siege of Carcassonne,
92
,
101
–3

siege of Lavaur,
129
–31

siege of Toulouse,
134
–37,
157
–68,
216

sovereignty over Languedoc,
152
,
156
,
159

truce with Raymond Roger,
111

Simon de Montfort (fourth son of Simon de Montfort),
107

Spiritual Franciscans,
233

Ste-Cécile,
233

Steiner, Rudolf,
254

Stephen of St. Thibery,
204
,
206
,
208
,
210
,
227

Surdespine (fortress),
105

Tanchelm of Antwerp,
27

Tarantino, Quentin,
6

Termes,
127
,
129
,
183

Textor, John,
201

Thedisius,
125

Theosophy,
253

Third Crusade,
72

Tolerance,
54
,
234

return to,
169
–78

Torre dei Conti,
37
,
118

Toulousains,
47
,
148
–49,
159
,
162
,
163
,
165
,
184
,
186

Toulouse,
7
,
18
,
31
,
52
,
64
,
75
,
120
–21,
125
,
173

Catharism in,
45
,
122
,
134

Cathars sought refuge in,
111

changed life in,
192

crusade against,
129
–31

Dominicans in,
175

French dominion over,
207

gang warfare in,
123

inquisitors in,
196
,
201
–2,
203
,
204

under interdict,
118
,
120
,
204

and royal crusade,
184
,
186

siege of,
157
–68,
167
f
,
169
,
212
,
216

Simon’s campaign against,
134
–37

university in,
190

Towns, medieval,
52
–53

Trasimondo,
36

Trebuchets,
96
–97,
112
–13,
113
f
,
114
,
216

Trencavel, Raymond Roger,
xii
,
56
,
105
,
178
,
246

and attack on Carcassonne,
89
–90,
91
,
93
–96,
98
–102

and crusade,
75
–80

death of,
101

revolt by,
206
–7

seal of,
77
f

son of,
128

vassal of King Pedro,
93
–96

Trencavel lands,
124
,
127
,
135
,
138
,
188

Cathars in,
111

given to Simon de Montfort,
101
,
105
,
156

rooting out heresy in,
206

Trencavels,
48
–49,
50
–51,
52
,
75
,
79
,
94
,
120

and crusade,
76

vassals of,
157

Trésor des Albigeois, Le
(Magre),
255

Trial by ordeal,
151

Troubadour culture,
52
,
250
,
253
,
259

Troubadour poetry,
19
–20

Troubadours,
9
,
43
–44,
133
,
170
f
,
171
,
256

Troyes, Chrétien de,
256

Two Principles of creation,
11

Urban II, Pope,
8

Vassalage,
128

Vassaletti (clan),
35

Venice,
72
–73,
181

Ventura, William,
231

Verfeil,
29
,
62
–63

Via Domitia,
76

Vidal, Peire,
45
–46,
104

Vigoros of Bacone,
202

Villerouge-Termenès,
246

Vinci, Leonardo da,
261

von Eschenbach, Wolfram,
256

Waldensians (“Poor Men of Lyons”),
8
,
62

Wagner, Richard,
254

Water supplies, control of,
91
,
99
,
114
,
164

Weil, Simone,
255

Western civilization,
13

White Brotherhood,
123
–24,
129
–30,
131

William (Franciscan friar),
223

William (priest and siege engineer),
127
,
129
,
130

William de Balaguier,
210

William of Contres,
144
,
145
,
147

William of Lahille,
210

William of Minerve,
111
,
114
–15

William of Paris,
189

William of Puylaurens,
82

William of Soler,
204

William of Tudela,
78
,
82
,
83
,
85
–86,
92
,
94
,
100
,
116
,
119

Women,
40
–41,
81

in Catharism,
12
,
25
–26,
41
–44,
173

Zara (city),
73
,
108

*
The very last of the Bogomils, many of whom converted to Islam, were reported in Bosnia, in 1867.

*
There is still a St. Gilles Citadel in the harbor of Tripoli. It is known locally as Qal’at Sinjil.

*
The coup de grâce would come in the 1930s, when the cloister of St. Pons was moved to Toledo, Ohio.

*
Originally planned to be held every century, the jubilee came to be declared every fifty, then thirty-three, then twenty-five years, right up until the present, when the prospect of a millennial bash in 2000, a jubilee to outshine even that of 1300, had contemporary Rome on tenterhooks for nearly a decade