The Proud Tower (97 page)

^*
M
ENDELSSOHN
, P
ETER DE
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The Age of Churchill, 1874–1911
, London, Thames & Hudson, 1961.

N
ICOLSON
, H
AROLD
,
King George the Fifth
, London, Constable, 1952.

N
OWELL
-S
MITH
, S
IMON
, ed.,
Edwardian England, 1901–14
, Oxford Univ. Press, 1964.

P
ANKHURST
, E. S
YLVIA
,
The Suffragette
, New York, Sturgis, 1911.

——,
The Suffragette Movement
(re-issue), London, Longmans, 1932.

P
OPE
-H
ENNESSY
, J
AMES
,
Lord Crewe: The Likeness of a Liberal
, London, Constable, 1955.

S
AMUEL
, H
ERBERT
,
Grooves of Change
(English title:
Memoirs
), Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1946.

——,
Liberalism
, London, Richards, 1902.

S
OMERVELL
, D. C.,
The Reign of George the Fifth
, New York, Harcourt, 1935.

S
PENDER
, J. A.,
Life of H. H. Asquith
, 2 vols., London, Hutchinson, 1932.

T
ROTTER
, W
ILFRED
,
Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War
, London, Allen & Unwin, 1916 (also Oxford Univ. Press, 1953, with a Foreword by F. M. R. Walshe).

U
LLSWATER
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ISCOUNT
(J
AMES
L
OWTHER
),
A Speaker’s Commentaries
, 2 vols., London, Arnold, 1925.

W
ALLAS
, G
RAHAM
,
Human Nature in Politics
, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1909 (also 3rd ed., New York, Knopf, 1921).

W
EBB
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EATRICE
,
Our Partnership
, London, Longmans, 1948.

W
ELLS
, H. G.,
Experiment in Autobiography
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W
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Notes
(For all sources not listed above, see Chap. 1)

1
Chinese Slavery: Lyttelton, 320–21; Pope-Hennessy, 69; Wallas, 127; Hearnshaw, 94.

2
Yellow press: the phrase was in use in England at that time: Lucy Master-man, 216.

3
“Outdoor relief for the aristocracy”: q. Cecil, I, 167.

4
Education Act, “greatest betrayal”: q. Adams, 123.

5
Economist
, a matter of £.
s.d.:
q. Adams, 103.

6
One water faucet and one privy: This and subsequent facts about the living conditions of the poor are from the chapter “Domestic Life,” by Marghanita Laski, in Nowell-Smith.

7
Contract labour in British Guiana: Alfred Lyttelton speaking in the House of Commons, March 21, 1904, demonstrated that these contracts, negotiated under Gladstone and Rosebery, were for longer duration (five years as against three) and more severe conditions than the South African contracts. (Hansard, IV series, v. 132, 283 ff.).

8
Cries of “Rat!”: Mackintosh, 222.

9
Balfour on Tariff issue: Fitzroy, I, 191, 220; Spender,
C.-B.
, II, 102.

10
Cust quoted: Sir Ronald Storrs,
Memoirs
, 37.

11
“Not to go out of office”: Young, 232.

12
“In chronic poverty”: Hobson, 12.

13
Conditions at Shawfield Chemical Works: Hughes, 91.

14
Hauled off to a day in gaol: Gompers (
see
Chap. 8), 29–30.

15
Army lowered minimum height: Nowell-Smith, 181.

16
Wells depicted it:
Autobiography
, 550.

17
A’s and B’s: Lord Beveridge,
Power and Influence
, 66–67.

18
William Morris, “gradually permeating”: Hunter (
see
Chap. 8), 97.

19
Beatrice Webb contemplated marrying Chamberlain: Margaret Cole,
Beatrice Webb
, New York, 1946, 21.

20
“I could not carry on”: q. Hesketh Pearson,
Shaw
, 68; “A slave class”: Hyndman, 397.

21
Hyndman, a Socialist from spite: White (
see
Chap. 5), I, 98.

22
Clemenceau, “a bourgeois class”: q. Hyndman, 300.

23
“Eternal verities irritate him”: Hunter, 120.

24
Keir Hardie: Hughes,
passim;
Brockway, 17–18.

25
“Well fed beasts” and “Every day in Rotten Row”: Hunter, 230.

26
“Religious necessity” and strikes as “outlet”: Clynes, 83, 85.

27
“If Burns with 80,000 men”: q. Webb, 23.

28
ILP’s declared aims: Hughes, 66–67.

29
“Most costly funeral” and Garvin quoted: Hughes, 76.

30
Fabians, “not in our line”: Edward Pease, q. Halévy, V, 263, n. 2.

31
“Imperfections of the Social Order”: Aug. 23, 1902.

32
“Mr. Balfour, coming back from dinner”: Parliamentary correspondent of the
Daily News
, q. Hughes, 113.

33
MacDonald-Gladstone secret pact: Mendelssohn, 322.

34
“Go the Tory way”: Hughes, 69.

35
“Hideous abnormality”: Willoughby de Broke, 249.

36
Burns congratulates C.-B.: Webb, 325; reminds Grey: q. Lucy Masterman, 112.

37
Balfour and Weizmann: Dugdale, I, chap. 19; Chaim Weizmann,
Trial and Error
, New York, 1949, chap. 8.

38
Friend saw him “seriously upset”: Newton,
Retrospection
, 146–47.

39
Balfour’s letters on Election results: Letter to Knollys, q. in full in Lee, II, 449; others in Esher, II, 136; Young, 255.

40
“Like a second footman”: Dugdale, II, 49.

41
Blatchford predicted: q.
The Times
, Jan. 19, 1906.

42
“Never saying anything clever!”: Marsh, 150.

43
Categories of new M.P.’s: Jenkins, 7.

44
Few in “unconventional dress”: Newton,
Retrospection
, 149; Irish members’ bad manners:
ibid.
, 99.

45
C.-B. impervious to Balfour’s charm: Birrell, 243.

46
“England is based on commerce”: q. Gardiner,
Prophets
, 136.

47
“Bring the sledgehammer”: Gardiner,
Prophets
, 54.

48
Took his own wife into dinner: Blunt, II, 300.

49
“No egotism, no vanity”: q. Gardiner,
Pillars
, 122.

50
Churchill motivated by Mrs. Everest:
Roving Commission
, 73. All subsequent statements by Churchill, unless otherwise noted, are from Mendelssohn.

51
F. E. Smith: Gardiner,
Pillars
, 95–103;
Portraits
, 122–28.

52
Salisbury on coming clash of Lords and Commons: Margot Asquith, 157; H. H. Asquith,
Fifty Years
, I, 174.

53
Conservatives “should still control”:
The Times
, Jan. 16, 1906.

54
Balfour warns Lansdowne: Newton,
Lansdowne
, 354.

55
“Something will happen”: at Llanelly, Sept. 29, 1906, Lee, II, 456.

56
Curzon “so infinitely superior”: Newton,
Retrospection
, 161.

57
Loreburn: Willoughby de Broke, 260; Curzon,
Subjects of the Day
, 228.

58
Rosebery, “eye like a fish”: F. Ponsonby, 382.

59
Churchill, in the
Nation:
Mar. 9, 1907.

60
Balfour on “hereditary qualification”: q. Young, 266.

61
“Portcullis” and “poodle”: These phrases graced the debate on the Lords’ rejection of the Licensing Bill, June 24, 1907.

62
Morley recalled Gladstone saying: q. Esher, II, 303.

63
“Backwoodsmen” meet at Lansdowne House: Willoughby de Broke, 246–47.

64
Churchill “perfectly furious”: Lucy Masterman, 114.

65
Victor Grayson: Brockway, 24–25; Halévy, VI, 105.

66
Kaiser’s proposal to save England: Blunt, II, 210.

67
King Edward on “hard times”: q. Magnus, 417.

68
Invasion psychosis: I. F. Clark, “The Shape of Wars to Come,”
History Today
, Feb., 1965.

69
Henry James, chimney pots: Jan. 8, 1909,
Letters
, ed. Percy Lubbock, New York, 1920, II, 121.

70
Suffragettes: In addition to Pankhurst and Fulford, the list of Suffragette assaults is most conveniently found in successive volumes of the
Annual Register.
The Albert Hall meeting is quoted from Nevinson,
More Changes
, 321–25, as is also “Those bipeds!”: 306.

71
A gathering pessimism: Masterman, 84, 120, 289; Bryce, 15, 39, 228; Hobson and Hobhouse, q. C. H. Driver, “Political Ideas,” in Hearnshaw; Trotter described:
DNB;
quoted: 47; Wallas described: Wells, 509, 511; Cole, 222; quoted: 284–85.

72
“Cantankerous and uncomfortable”:
DNB
, Lowther.

73
“We all thought Papa would die”: Cooper, 11.

74
The Limehouse speech: July 30, 1909. The King’s displeasure was expressed in a letter to Lord Crewe, q. in full, Pope-Hennessy, 72–73. Other reactions and comments chiefly from the
Annual Register.
Rosebery’s Glasgow speech in Crewe, 511–12; Kipling’s poem appeared in the
Morning Post
, June 28, 1909, and only once since, in the
Definitive Edition
of his Verse, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1940. “Foolish and mean speeches”: q. Magnus, 431.

75
“Now King, you have won the Derby”: Fitzroy, I, 379.

76
Balfour and Salisbury on Finance Bill: Dugdale, II, 56;
Annual Register
, 1909, 118.

77
ff. Lords debate the Budget,
et seq.:
As the English love nothing so much as a political crisis, the literature on the Budget-Parliament Bill crisis is so extensive that it cannot be missed, or even avoided. In the recent publication of
Churchill As I Knew Him
, by Lady Violet Bonham-Carter, Asquith’s daughter, it is still going on. Every biography or autobiography of the principal figures involved and every political memoir of the period discuss it, the major sources being: Newton’s
Lansdowne
, Young’s
Balfour
, Spender’s
Asquith
, Lee’s
Edward VII
, Nicolson’s
George V
, Wilson-Fox’s
Halsbury
, Pope-Hennessy’s
Crewe
, Ronaldshay’s
Curzon
, Crewe’s
Rosebery
, Willoughby de Broke’s
Memoirs
and Roy Jenkins’ book on the whole affair,
Mr. Balfour’s Poodle.
The major parliamentary debates were quoted fully in
The Times
as well as verbatim in Hansard, and the big scenes were described at length and in detail in the daily and periodical press. For material in the following pages, therefore, references are given
only
for odd items whose source might be hard to locate.