1434 (36 page)

The research of Dr. Greg Little and colleagues, who have found widespread evidence in the Caribbean that they believe point to a long-gone maritime culture more sophisticated than the Taino or Carib peoples. More recently we have been told that early tests suggest that the cut stones found date to circa five hundred years ago. For
more information please visit the following links: http://www.mysterious-america.net/newunderwaterbim.html and http:// www.mys sterious-america.net/ bimini-caysal200.html.

Brett Green, whose untiring research against considerable adversity, has provided a host of evidence to support the pre-European Chinese exploration of eastern Australia; William C. Kleisch, Richard Perkins, and Paul McNamee, who have led the search for the elusive Great Dismal Swamp junk, which George Washington's friend saw rise out of the swamp in North Carolina; John Slade, whose research shows the potential for pre-European mining throughout eastern Australia, from the Victorian goldfields to north Queensland; Robertson Shinnick, who found Dr. S. L. Lee's medallion in North Carolina in 1994.

Other notable mentions go to Michael Boss and all of the other contributors to the “Gallery” section of the website—a wealth of beautiful paintings, photos, and artifacts; Jerry Warsing, an independent researcher who was one of the first to come forward and let us know that he had come to the same conclusions that I had, before me. We are most grateful for Jerry's continued support and research in North America. Professor Zhiquiang Zhang, whose independent research on Zheng He's travels has been invaluable to ours. D. H. C Tien and Michael Nation of Chinese Computer Communications, whose pioneering research with “Internet Chinese” may one day enable us all to learn to speak Chinese with the ease and fluency of our mother tongues; Anatole Andro, whose book
The 1421 Heresy
complements
1421
and explores the theory further; the Cantravel group, who have accompanied Marcella and me on many an exciting adventure and contributed a great deal to our research: Gill and Frank Hopkins; Carol and Barry Mellor; Gordon and Elizabeth Hay; John and Heleen Lapthorne, and Malcolm and Angela Potter.

The following people have all helped over the years to add to our ever-increasing wealth of knowledge, free of charge, and in good faith, for which we are extremely grateful: Malcolm Brocklebank, Chiara Condi, Tim Fohl, Robert and MeiLi Hefner, Damon de Laszlo, John
Robinson, Bill Hupy, Greg Jeffrey, Hector Williams, Mary Doerflein, David Borden, Rewi Kemp, Ralph McGeehan, Glen Rawlins, Michael Ferraro, Gerald Thompson, Chung Chee Kit, Howard Smith, Kerson Huang, Al Cornett, Tony Brooks, Barbara McEwan, Nicholas Platt, Zhang Wei, Robin Lind, Gerald Andrew Bottomley, Nicholas Wallis, Ester Daniels, William Li, Malcolm Rayner, J. F. Webb, Commodore Bill Swinley, David Borden, Kathrine Zhou, Janna Carpenter, Guofeng Yang, Jamie Bentley, Martin Tai, Ted Bainbridge, Brian Darcey, Rob Stanley, Jan-Erik Nilsson, J. Phillip Arnold, David Lindsay, Mike Osinski, M. J. Gregory, Philip and Wei Lewis; Roger L. Olesen; Adela C. Y. Lee; Guy Dru Drury; Saro Capozzoli; Tim Richardson; Professor Luis Wanke; José Leon Sanchez; Ted Jeggo; Ng Siong Tee; Goo Si Wei; Paolo Costa; Ric Polansky; Professor Mike Bailie; Dr. Wang Tao; Bill Parkhurst, K'ung-Fu Tzu; Duncan Craig, Nico Conti, Barney Chan, Eric Maskrey, Philip Mulholland, Garry Berteig, George J. Fery, Tony Fletcher, Nancy Yaw Davis, J. Phillip Arnold, Chris Righetti, Andy Drake, Paul Wagner, Jim Mullins, John Braine-Hartnell, Michael Penck, Dr. William Goggins, Russell Parker, Bill Hupy, Gillian Bartlett, Shaka Garendi, Rodney Gordon, Bob Butcher, Karin Harvey, John Weyrich, Edward D. Mitchell, Nicholas Platt, David Turner, Phillip Bramble, Jean Elder, Anton McInerney, Patrick Moran, Joy J. Merz, John S. Marr, Scott McClean, Lynn Canada, Richard Zimmerman, William Vigil, Ric Baez, Terry Jackson, Jefferson Wright, Ean McDonald, Beth Flower Miller, Michael Ernest, Omar M. Zen, Bruce Tickell Taylor, Dr. Edward Tumolo, Marie E. Macozek, John Forrest, Julian Wick, Keith Wise, Bobby Sass, Michael Lane, Mari Stair, David Lorrimer, Mark Simonitsch, Dave Blaine, Daryl F. Mallett, Luis Robles, Barry Wright, Mark Smith, Jeff Spira, Chris Nadolny, Li Huangxi, John Pletcher, Paolo Villegas, Kevin Wilson, Janice Avery Clarke, Patricia Duff, Dan Brech, Matthew Wissell, Harry L. Francis, Yangyong Li, Fred J. Gray, Thomas Herbert, Michael Atkinson, Garth Denning, Janet Miller Wiseman, Dean Pickering, Arjan Wilkie, George Barrett, Mark Newell, Roy Dymond; Kate Meyer; Lawrence Smalheiser; Alice Chan; Desmond Brannigan, and Edward Grice Hutchinson.

Exhibitions and Symposia

The Singapore Tourism Board, in association with Pico Art International, mounted the exhibition “1421: The Year China Sailed the World” between June and August 2005. It was held in a large, specially made pavilion, a replica of that used by the early Ming emperors when touring the country. The pavilion was set up in a beautiful site overlooking Singapore Harbor. Pico, the celebrated exhibition designers, arranged for the loan from all around the world of artifacts that evidenced Zheng He's voyages. The exhibition generated huge publicity and corresponding new evidence from Asia and China. I am indebted to the providers and sponsors of the exhibition. The exhibition has now moved to Dr. Tan Ta Sen's wonderful Cheng Ho Cultural Museum in Malacca.

Laboratories and Testing Institutions

I am indebted to the following institutions for their economical, efficient, courteous, and timely testing of evidence: Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory, Waikato University, GPR Data LLC, Oregon, GPR Geophysical Services, and Forest Research; Pearson plc. For their financial assistance in providing ground penetrating radar survey of the Sacramento wreck site; Surrey University for establishing the origin of elements in artifacts employing Rutherford backscattering techniques.

HarperCollins Team

For much appreciated help and assistance provided by HarperCollins and its imprint William Morrow in the USA—particularly my editor, Henry Ferris, and his assistant, associate editor Peter Hubbard. Thanks also to Lisa Gallagher, Lynn Grady, Tavia Kowalchuk, and Ben Bruton.

For HarperCollins help and support in the United Kingdom, thanks to Carole Tonkinson, Katy Carrington, Jane Beaton, Anna Gibson, Iain Chapple, and Jessica Carey.

The
1434 Team

Finally, my thanks to the team who have been directly responsible for
1434:

Midas, led by Steven Williams and assisted in Asia by Kaiiten Communications, have achieved almost unbelievable worldwide publicity—I am told more than 22,000 articles or mentions in print media alone. In acting for me I feel sure Midas did not charge normal commercial rates but what I could afford. Their success has resulted in an endless stream of new evidence and has assisted Transworld (who did a wonderful job with
1421
) selling worldwide literary rights.

Christopher Higham, who handles TV rights, has contributed to worldwide sales by achieving important television documentaries broadcast across America, Europe, the Pacific, Australia, and Asia. This in turn has brought new friends to our website with new ideas and new evidence. Chris has borne his own expenses and contributed his time for five years.

Pedalo has devised websites www.1421.tv and www.gavinmenzies.net to cope with this avalanche of new evidence. Its efforts have resulted in very popular sites—we now have 3,500 visits a day from 120 countries around the world. Pedalo's fee for achieving this was one third that of its nearest competitor.

Luigi Bonomi, my literary agent, principal of LBA, sold
1434
to HarperCollins, the first publisher to be approached. Luigi also sold
1421
to Transworld when he was a partner in Sheil Land. Luigi is, to my mind, the most successful British literary agent—authors take note! Without him there would have been no
1421
and no
1434
.

Frank Lee, an experienced Chinese businessman, sold
1421
film rights to Warner Bros. China and was instrumental in negotiating with Phoenix Television to produce a lengthy Mandarin-language
documentary on
1421
and in return set up a Mandarin
1421
website—a great source of new evidence from Mandarin and Cantonese speakers. Frank has in his business career set up a very successful sales team in China and elsewhere in Asia and has a huge network of friends and contacts. He is also a discerning historian and has pioneered a new search engine for Chinese historical records. Frank will take over from me as chief executive of the
1421
and
1434
organizations in late 2008 or early 2009. By then we hope the Warner Bros. film on Zheng He will have been released for distribution.

Wendi Watson and her husband, Mike, have produced the illustrations and diagrams for
1434
as they did for
1421
. Wendi has worked from my original unpromising scrawl with good nature and patience for the past seven years. Her results speak for themselves—in my view Wendi has greatly enhanced the book and made the detailed evidence much easier to assimilate.

Laura Tatham has word-processed
1434
in no fewer than fourteen drafts without once complaining or losing her sense of humor. Laura, who at this writing is approaching her ninetieth year, has supported me by word-processing my scribbles for the past twenty-five years. It is a blessing for me that I have been able to dissuade her from retiring!

Our researchers here—Erica Edes, Antonia Bowen-Jones, Vanessa Stockley, Lorna Lopes, Anna Mandy, Anna Rennie, Susie Sanford, and Leanne Welham—are a testament to today's young people and the British education system. Unlike me, they are university graduates with good honors degrees. They have consistently and without exception shown dedication, responsibility, initiative, and hard work in assembling into a coherent whole a disparate mass of assorted evidence that pours into our computers day after day. They are head and shoulders better than I and many of my friends were at a similar age—we were, for the most part, drunken, irresponsible ruffians.

Their dedication and good nature is also attributable to Ian Hudson, who has led our research team these past five years. Ian has the qualities I lack—good nature, politeness, and common sense. Whatever readers consider we may have achieved is due to Ian as much as to me. The future success of the
1434
team will largely depend on Ian's leadership, just as the
1421
team has these past five years.

And finally, I offer gratitude to my beloved wife, Marcella. Readers will appreciate that it is not an easy decision for a wife to be asked to agree to a husband in his seventies in moderate health plowing his royalties into future research rather than into a pension fund—and in addition taking on new financial obligations for yet further research. In our excitements and setbacks over the past five years since
1421
was published, Marcella has once again supported me to the hilt, enabling this great adventure to continue.

I and this book owe her everything.

 

Gavin Menzies

London

Feast of All Saints, 2007

Introduction

• 1.
  Antonio Pigafetta,
  Magellan's Voyage
  : A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation trans. R. A. Skelton. (Cambridge, Mass.: Folio Society 1975) p. 49.
  

Chapter 1: A Last Voyage

• 1.
  Twitchett,
  Cambridge History
  , vol. 3 p. 231.
  
• 2.
  Private correspondence between author and Mr. Frank Lee, 2005.
  
• 3.
  Tsai,
  Perpetual Happiness,
  reviewed in
  Journal of the American Oriental Society
  122, no.4 (Oct.–Dec. 2002): 849–50. Viewable on JSTOR.
  
• 4.
  Dreyer,
  Zheng He,
  p. 6.
  
• 5.
  Tamburlaine died in 1405. His son Shah Rokh succeeded him in Persia, as did his grandson Ulugh Begh in Samarkand. Accounts of the accident are based on a Persian fifteenth-century account.
  
• 6.
  Dreyer, pp. 174–182.
  
• 7.
  Cambridge History of China p. 272. Dictionary of Ming Biography, p. 533.
  
• 8.
  Cambridge History of China p 278, 302. Renzong Shi Lu, ch. 1.
  
• 9.
  Cambridge History of China VII 286–8.
  

Chapter 2: The Emperor's Ambassador

• 1
  &
  2.
  A medallion has been found in North Carolina issued by the Xuan De emperor to his representative. For the arguments put forward about the authenticity of the brass medallion and refutations by Dr. S. L. Lee, refer to Dr. Lee's website Asiawind (see below). I am convinced that the medallion issued by Zhu Zhanji found in North Carolina and now owned by Dr. Lee is genuine for the multiplicity of reasons given by Dr. Lee. Research of Dr. S. L. Lee. See
  1421
  website, (www.1421.tv), and Asiawind, (http://www.asiawind.com/zhenghe/).
  
• 3.
  Dreyer,
  Early Ming
  , p. 144, translating from
  Xuanzong Shi-lu
  , The
  shi-lus
  were true records of the period compiled in a highly formalized mandarin process, summarized after the emperor's death with a
  shi-lu
  of his reign.
  shi-lus
  served as the primary source for the official history of the dynasty, frequently compiled during the succeeding dynasty, e.g., by the Qing dynasty for the Ming. Zheng He lived in the reigns of five Ming emperors, four of whom had a
  Shi-lu
  composed for their reigns.
  The
  shi-lu
  system has several lethal deficiencies. First, succeeding dynasties invariably loathe earlier ones and destroy much that they consider creditable from an earlier dynasty. Second, mandarin education was narrow in the extreme. If something did not appear in a
  shi-lu
  , it could not have happened. This is epitomized in the absurd conclusion reached by certain mandarin “scholars” that if the
  shi-lu
  does not say Zheng He's fleets reached America, then they did not. Such a system ignores fleets that sailed to America, got wrecked there, or decided to stay and never returned to China. The
  shi-lu
  system leaves appalling holes in Chinese history. However, perhaps I should be thankful—if history had been properly recorded in China, Chinese scholars would have written books similar to mine centuries ago! See Dreyer,
  Zheng He,
  p. 144.
  
• 4.
  This is J. L. L. Duyvendak's translation, in “The True Dates,” pp. 341–345, 349. Duyvendak's views on the voyages reached almost mythical status—taken as gospel by historian after historian. In my view Duyvendak's restriction of Zheng He to seven voyages is ludicrous. If one takes the shipbuilding records, there were more than 1,000 ships (and possibly many more) available to Zheng He on each of the “seven voyages” recorded by Duyvendak. It is not remotely possible to control fleets of that size. There were in my view between 20 and 50 fleets at sea continuously between circa 1407 and 1434, under the overall strategic command of Zheng He, who may indeed have received only seven imperial orders. There were hundreds of voyages during those years, not seven. Re “3,000 countries,” Duyvendak at p. 345, n. 2, argues that “3000” is a copyist error for “30.” He then destroys his argument by showing the Chinese symbol for “3,000” beside one for “30.” The “3,000” symbol has an extra bar on top. A “copyist error” would produce “30” from “3,000,” not the other way around. The “3000” made by the engraver is clearly deliberate.
  
• 5.
  Ibid.
  
• 6.
  Correspondence between author and Mr. Liu Gang. Full text on
  1421
  website, www.1421.tv. Mr. Liu Gang's translation may be viewed on the
  1434
  website under the heading “The Real Discoverer of the World—Zheng He.” (See note 20 for ‘3000' countries)
  
• 7.
  Liu Gang Research 2006 see 1434 website
  
• 8.
  Professor Xi Longfei and Dr. Sally Church references are invaluable. They should be read in conjunction with note
  
• 9.
  A full list of references in the
  Taizong Shi-lu
  to shipbuilding are given in Dreyer,
  Zheng He,
  p. 116–121. 9. Chaudhuri,
  Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean,
  p. 241, Notes, Chapter 7, Note 29, citing Abdu'r Razzaq,
  Matla'al Sa'dain
  in Elliot and Dowson, eds.,
  The History of India,
  IV, 103.
  
• 10.
  Camões, K. N. Chaudhuri “Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean,” Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 154
  
• 11.
  Professor Pan Biao's work was brought to my attention by Tai Peng Wang. Mr. Wang has kindly allowed me to place on our website the article “The Most Startling Discovery from Zheng He's Treasure Shipyards.” Professor Pan Biao's work was carried out at the Institute of Wood Material Science of Nanjing Forestry University. They analyzed 236 pieces of wood found at the bottom of no. 6 dry dock in Nanjing, which had been flooded for 600 years. Professor Pan Biao shows that hardwood was imported to China and Java on a massive scale to allow Zheng He's junks to be built in China and repaired in Java. These finds
  corroborate the work of Professor Anthony Reid (see n. 11). A combination of Pan Biao's and Reid's work shows how building such massive fleets resulted in globalization of the timber trade in Asia. See www.gavinmenzies.net.
  
• 12.
  Reid,
  South east Asia in the Age of Commerce,
  vol. 2, p. 39. Professor Reid suggests that the most likely explanation for the flowering of fifteenth-century Javanese shipbuilding was a “creative melding of Chinese and Javanese marine technology in the wake of Zheng He expeditions.” “In each of the seasons 1406, 1414, 1418 and 1432 fleets of a hundred or more Chinese vessels spent long periods refitting in the ports of East Java.”
  
• 13.
  This exercise took place in the Andaman Sea and Strait of Malacca in January and February 1969. Singapore and Malaysian armed services participated.
  
• 14.
  This took place in the South China Sea, south of the Anambas Islands, in July 1969.
  
• 15.
  Dreyer, p. 127, has a good summary. The names of the vice and rear admirals are taken from inscriptions on the steles described earlier in the chapter. Dreyer gives the names at pp. 146, 208–15.
        Wang Jinghong's name is sometimes spelled Wang Guitong, Wang Qinglian, and Wang Zinghong. He was after Zheng He the senior admiral until being drowned. Hou Xian was later envoy to Tibet and Nepal.
  
• 16.
  For the efforts of the
  1421
  team in assisting to locate the various remaining pieces of the
  Yongle Dadian
  that are scattered around European libraries and universities, please refer to our 1434 website, www.gavinmenzies.net. The National Library of China will digitize what is left of this massive encyclopedia, which was twelve times larger than Diderot's eighteenth-century encyclopedia, then the world's largest outside China.
        Currently the National Library in Beijing has 221 books, and 60 are stored in Taiwan.
        The Library of Congress has 41 books, the United Kingdom 51, Germany, 5, and Cornell University, 5. Cornell University has an excellent website, Explore Cornell-Wason Collection. “Starting in 1403 under the aegis of the Ming Dynasty Yongle Emperor (reign 1402–1424) the entire intellectual heritage of China was scrutinised for texts worthy to be included in what was to become the editorialised expression of Chinese civilization. One hundred and forty six of the most accomplished scholars of the Chinese empire took part. (See also Needham Vol 32 p. 174–5) After 16 months of work, the Scholars submitted the final product….” The Emperor however refused the tome on the grounds that it was not on the grand scale he had envisaged. Consequently he appointed another editorial committee complete with commissioners, directors, sub-directors and a staff of no less than 2141 assistants “making 2169 persons in all.” The newly assembled committee expanded greatly on the idea of literature and included sacred texts, medicine, writings on geography and astronomy, the arts and crafts, history, philosophy and the by then canonized Confucian texts…. The Emperor then ordered the entire work to be transcribed so that it could be printed which would facilitate the distribution process.”
        See e-mails between Lam Yee Din, Tai Pang Weng, Liu Gang, Dr. S. L. Lee, and Ed Liu at www.gavinmenzies.net. In my opinion the most likely
  place to find chunks of the
  Yongle Dadian
  will be the Louvre. Napoleon took Venetian records to Paris. See Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 19, and vol. 32, p. 174.
  
• 17.
  See Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol 19, p. 49–50, 109–10, and vol. 32, p. 174. In May 1913, Herbert Giles wrote to Cornell University confirming that Cambridge only has one volume. See also e-mails between Lam Yee Din, Tai Pang Weng, Liu Giang, Dr. S. L. Lee, and Ed Liu on 1434 website, www.gavinmenzies.net.
  
• 18.
  Tai Peng Wang kindly brought this research to my attention, as has Lam Yee Din. See
  1434
  website
  
• 19.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol. 32, pp. 100–175; and Temple,
  Genius of China,
  pp. 110–15.
        For transcribed copies, see Cornell University Explore Cornell-Wason Collection.
  
• 20.
  Needham,
  Science and Civilisation,
  vol 19.
  
• 21.
  K. N. Chaudhiri “Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean,” Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 154, Note 29.
  

Chapter 3: The Fleets Are Prepared for the Voyage to the Barbarians

• 1.
  I am Indebted to the research of Tai Peng Wang, whose work has been the foundation for this chapter. See titles of papers in bibliography.
  
• 2.
  Needham Vol 27 p. 145
  
• 3.
  Needham Vol 30 pt. 2 p. 83
        For calendars, see Needham, vol. 3, pp. 49, 125, 378–381.
  

Chapter 4: Zheng He's Navigators' Calculations of Latitude and Longitude

Extensive notes on www.gavinmenzies.net.

Chapter 5: Voyage to the Red Sea

• 1.
  Tai Peng Weng, “Zheng He Visit to Cairo,” p. 2, n. 18, and “Tale of Globalisation.”
  
• 2.
  Nelson had twenty-seven ships at Trafalgar.
  
• 3.
  Yingzong Shi-lu,
  chap. 31, 38, 45.
  
• 4.
  Xi Feilong, Yang Xi, and Tang Xien in Tai Peng Wang, “Zheng He Delegation to Papal Court,” p. 6, detailing Hong Bao; and “Zheng He and His Envoys” p. 1.
  
• 5.
  Hall,
  Empires of the Monsoon
  , p. 87–89.
  
• 6.
  Ibid., p. 124.
  
• 7.
  Tai Peng Wang, “Zheng He and His Envoys, p. 1.
  
• 8.
  Ibn Tagri Birdi,
  Al Nujun AzZahira Fi Mulek Misr Wal Kahira.
  
• 9.
  Lam Ye Din and Liu Gang research, on www.gavinmenzies.net. See also Tai Peng Wang, “What Was the Route Taken to Florence”, p. 1.
  
• 10.
  Ibn Battuta vol 4, p. 813.
  
• 11.
  The Travels of Ibn Battuta AD 1325
  –
  1354
  , vol. 4 Hakluyt Society, 1994), p. 773.
  
• 12.
  Tai Peng Wang, “Zheng He and His Envoys,” p. 2. See also S. D. Goitein, “New Light on the Beginnings of Karim Merchants,” both available at www.gavinmenzies.net.
  
• 13.
  Tai Pang Weng, “Zheng He and His Envoys,” p. 2.
  
• 14.
  Tai Peng Wang, see
  1434
  website
  
• 15.
  Poole History of Egypt. Frank Cass and Co Ltd London 1894
  
• 16.
  Tai Peng Wang, see
  1434
  website.
  
• 17.
  On
  1434
  website.
  
• 18.
  Tai Pang Weng and Lam Yee Din research on
  1434
  website
  

Chapter 6: Cairo and the Red Sea Canal

• 1.
  This paragraph and indeed much else of chapter 6 is a paraphrase of chapters from James Aldridge's marvelous book
  Cairo: Biography of a City
  . Macmillan 1969 To my mind this book is the finest travel book ever written. Aldridge has an amazing knack for accurately compressing and summarizing a wealth of information in a few sentences. He is also a brilliant writer, witty without being unkind, choosing with great skill how and when to highlight colorful episodes of Egypt's history. This book is a joy to read, and I have done so many times. I strongly recommend it to anyone thinking of visiting Egypt.
  
• 2.
  Ibid., pp. 5, 27, and 127.
  
• 3.
  Redmount, “Wadi Tumilat”; and Payne,
  The Canal Builders
  . Payne's chapter entitled “Scorpion and Labyrinth” gives a detailed account of the builders from the pharaohs to Greek and Roman times.
  
• 4.
  Aldridge, Cairo,
  pp. 27, 43, 78, 79.
  
• 5.
  Poole, History of Egypt, p. 20. “In a.h. 23…it ran past Bilbeys to the Crocodile Lake and then…to the port at the head of the Red Sea.”
  
• 6.
  Aldridge,
  Cairo,
  p. 127; al-Makrizi,
  Histoire d'Egypte;
  and. Revaisse, “Essai Sur L'Histoire.”
  
• 7.
  SSECO. A more extensive report of the proceedings may be found on our website, www.1434.tv. See also Ibn Taghri Birdi, Abi I-Mahasin “
  A History of Egypt 1383
  –
  1469,
  ” trans. William Popper (Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1958) p. 86.
  
• 8.
  R. L. Hobson,
  “Chinese Porcelain from Fustat” Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
  61, no. 354. A photograph of a piece of blue and white porcelain of Zhu Di's reign found at Fustat is shown on our 1434 website.
  
• 9.
  Aldridge,
  Cairo.
  The chapter entitled “Saladin's Cairo,” from which this quote is taken, is a sumptuously written description showing Aldridge at the height of his powers.
  
• 10.
  Jacques Berges, quoted in Braudel,
  History of Civilisations,
  p. 66.