1848 (69 page)

18
Ibid., pp. 211-32.

19
Quoted in Valentin,
1848
, p. 420.

20
Quoted in Mack Smith,
History of Sicily
, ii, p. 424.

21
Quoted in Mack Smith,
Making of Italy
, p. 162.

22
Mack Smith,
Mazzini
, p. 65.

23
Quoted in B. King,
History of Italian Unity
, vol. 1, p. 294.

24
Mack Smith,
Mazzini
, p. 65.

25
Ibid., p. 66.

26
Quoted in B. King,
History of Italian Unity
, i, pp. 356 (Victor Emmanuel) and 361 (D'Azeglio).

27
The following paragraphs are based on Trevelyan,
Garibaldi's Defence
, pp. 99-228; B. King,
History of Italian Unity
, i, pp. 326-40; Mack Smith,
Mazzini
, pp. 67-76.

28
Quoted in Trevelyan,
Garibaldi's Defence
, p. 98.

29
Quoted in ibid., p. 99.

30
Quoted in ibid., p. 107.

31
Quoted in Mack Smith,
Mazzini
, p. 68.

32
Quoted in B. King,
History of Italian Unity
, i, p. 335.

33
H. Brogan,
Alexis de Tocqueville: A Biography
(London: Profile, 2006), pp. 481-2 (Thiers quotation on p. 481).

34
Garibaldi,
My Life
, p. 34.

35
Extracts of the constitution in Beales and Biagini,
Risorgimento
, pp. 245-7.

36
J. Ridley,
Garibaldi
(London: Phoenix, 2001), pp. 306, 311, 317.

37
Garibaldi,
My Life
, p. 42.

38
Quoted in B. King,
History of Italian Unity
, i, p. 364.

39
Trevelyan,
Manin
, pp. 217-19.

40
Ibid., pp. 221, 223.

41
Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, pp. 340-1.

42
Ibid., p. 345.

43
Flagg,
Venice
, ii, pp. 418-19.

44
Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, p. 352.

45
Quoted in ibid., p. 349.

46
Quoted in ibid., p. 333.

47
Trevelyan,
Manin
, pp. 237-40; Ginsborg,
Daniele Manin
, pp. 362-3.

48
Urbán, ‘Hungarian Army', pp. 100-5, 109.

49
Ibid., p. 102.

50
Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, p. 220.

51
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, ii, pp. 406-8.

52
Leiningen-Westerburg,
Letters and Journal
, p. 235.

53
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, vol. 2, p. 409.

54
Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, pp. 270-3.

55
Ibid., pp. 267-70.

56
Ibid., p. 273.

57
Ibid., p. 279.

58
Quoted in ibid., p. 289.

59
Ibid., pp. 291-300.

60
Quoted in K. W. Rock, ‘Schwarzenberg versus Nicholas I, Round One: The Negotiation of the Habsburg-Romanov Alliance against Hungary in 1849',
Austrian History Yearbook
, vol. 6 (1970), p. 119.

61
Quoted in ibid., p. 135.

62
Quoted in ibid., p. 136.

63
Quoted in Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, p. 306.

64
Ibid., p. 329.

65
Stiles,
Austria in 1848-49
, ii, p. 443.

66
Deak,
Lawful Revolution
, pp. 321-37.

67
Ibid., pp. 127, 305-6; Sked,
Decline and Fall
, pp. 94-5, 101-2, 107-8.

68
Hitchins,
The Romanians
, pp. 264-6.

69
Sked,
Decline and Fall
, p. 147.

70
B. King,
History of Italian Unity
, i, p. 340.

71
Agulhon,
1848
, p. 102.

72
Marx,
Class Struggles
, p. 69.

73
Price,
French Second Republic
, p. 227.

74
Quoted in B. H. Moss, ‘June 13, 1849: The Abortive Uprising of French Radicalism',
French Historical Studies
, vol. 13 (1984), p. 397.

75
Marx,
Class Struggles
, p. 75.

76
Price,
French Second Republic
, p. 227.

77
Quoted in R. W. Magraw, ‘Pierre Joigneaux and Socialist Propaganda in the French Countryside, 1849-1851',
French Historical Studies
, vol. 10 (1978), p. 602.

78
Quoted in Tombs,
France
, p. 389.

79
E. Weber, ‘The Second Republic, Politics, and the Peasant',
French Historical Studies
, vol. 11 (1980), pp. 521-50.

80
E. Weber, ‘Comment la Politique Vint aux Paysans: A Second Look at Peasant Politicization',
American Historical Review
, vol. 87 (1982), p. 365.

81
Price,
French Second Republic
, p. 241.

82
Quoted in Moss, ‘June 13, 1849', p. 399.

83
Price,
French Second Republic
, p. 238.

84
T. W. Margadant,
French Peasants in Revolt: The Insurrection of 1851
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 338-41.

85
Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, p. 252.

86
In Price,
Documents
, p. 123.

87
Agulhon,
Quarante-huitards
, p. 229.

88
Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, pp. 271-2.

89
Quoted in Moss, ‘June 13, 1849', p. 399.

90
Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, pp. 275-6.

91
Moss, ‘June 13, 1849', pp. 402-3 (April programme quoted on p. 399).

92
Herzen,
My Past and Thoughts
, p. 355.

93
Marx,
Class Struggles
, pp. 90, 92.

94
Herzen,
My Past and Thoughts
, p. 355.

95
Moss, ‘June 13, 1849', pp. 411-14.

96
Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, p. 280.

97
Herzen,
My Past and Thoughts
, pp. 356-7.

98
Moss, ‘June 13, 1849', pp. 405-11.

99
Agulhon,
1848
, p. 108.

100
Quoted in Price,
French Second Republic
, p. 255.

101
Tombs,
France
, p. 390.

102
Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, p. 294.

103
Louis-Napoleon's message to the National Assembly in Price,
Documents
, p. 128.

104
Tocqueville,
Souvenirs
, p. 295.

105
Price,
Documents
, p. 142.

106
Margadant,
French Peasants
, p. 8.

107
Ibid., pp. 3-39.

108
Ibid., p. xix.

109
Macmillan,
Napoleon III
, p. 48.

110
Price,
Documents
, p. 167.

CONCLUSION

1
Zimmerman,
Midpassage
, pp. 175-7.

2
Herzen,
From the Other Shore
, p. 3.

3
Blum,
End of the Old Order
, pp. 364, 373-4.

4
Quoted in J. J. Sheehan,
German History 1770-1866
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 727.

5
A. J. P. Taylor,
The Course of German History
(London: Routledge, 1978), p. 69.

6
For the best introduction in English on the idea of a
Sonderweg
, see D. Blackbourn and G. Eley,
The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 1-35.

7
Quoted in G. Mann,
The History of Germany since 1789
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), p. 204.

8
J. A. Davis, ‘Introduction: Italy's Difficult Modernization', in
Italy in the Nineteenth Century
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 15-16.

9
L. Riall,
Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero
(New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 93-7.

10
Agulhon,
1848
, which is subtitled
L'Apprentissage de la République
.

11
F. Furet,
Revolutionary France 1770-1880
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), p. 537.

12
Tombs,
France
, pp. 2-3.

13
Quoted in A. J. P. Taylor,
Europe: Grandeur and Decline
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967), p. 30.

14
Quoted in A. J. P. Taylor,
Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman
(London, 1965), p. 47.

15
Quoted in Winkler,
Germany: The Long Road West
, p. 205.

16
Rapport,
Nineteenth Century Europe
, p. 363.

17
L. Namier, ‘1848: Seed-Plot of History',
Vanished Supremacies: Essays on European History, 1812-1918
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962), pp. 34-45.

18
Quoted in S. Zucker,
Ludwig Bamberger
, p. 26.

19
Eyck,
Revolutions of 1848-49
, p. 180.

20
Herzen,
From the Other Shore
, p. 68.

21
See, for example, the essays by Axel Körner, John Breuilly and Reinhart Koselleck in A. Körner (ed.),
1848: A European Revolution? International Ideas and National Memories of 1848
(Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 3-28, 31-49, 209-21 and H. Pogge von Strandmann, ‘1848-1849: A European Revolution?', in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann,
Revolutions in Europe
, pp. 1-8.

22
Charles Pouthas cited in ibid., p. 6.

23
Stadelmann,
German Revolution
, p. 50.

24
Reinhart Koselleck, ‘How European was the Revolution of 1848/49?', in Körner,
1848
, p. 213.

25
John Breuilly, ‘1848: Connected or Comparable Revolutions?', in Körner,
1848
, p. 31.

26
Pogge von Strandmann, ‘1848-1849', pp. 3-4.

27
C. Cattaneo, ‘Indirizzo alla Dieta Ungarica',
Tutti le Opere
, vol. 4 (1967), p. 118.

28
AN, W//574, pièce 25 (‘Au nom du Peuple de Pologne').

29
Koselleck, ‘How European was the Revolution of 1848/49?', p. 212

30
A. Körner, ‘The European Dimension in the Ideas of 1848 and the Nationalization of its Memories', in Körner,
1848
, p. 17.

31
Koselleck, ‘How European was the Revolution of 1848/49?', p. 221.

32
Quoted in Siemann,
German Revolution
, p. 6.

33
R. Gildea, ‘1848 in European Collective Memory', in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann,
Revolutions in Europe
, pp. 207-8, 213.

34
Ibid., pp. 229-30.

35
Quoted in T. Garton Ash,
The Uses of Adversity: Essays on the Fate of Central Europe
(London: Penguin, 1999), p. 170.

36
Quoted in R. Sakwa, ‘The Age of Paradox: The Anti-Revolutionary Revolutions of 1989-91', in M. Donald and T. Rees (eds),
Reinterpreting Revolution in Twentieth-Century Europe
(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2001), p. 165.

37
K. Kumar, ‘The Revolutionary Idea in the Twentieth-Century World', in Donald and Rees,
Reinterpreting Revolution
, p. 193.

38
Garton Ash,
Uses of Adversity
, p. 258.

INDEX

1840s:

1989 revolutions

 

Abdülmecid, Sultan

absolute monarchy

Academic Legion

Adda, Carlo'

Affre (archbishop of Paris)

Agoult, Marie'

Albert, Archduke

Alexander:

Algeria

Alsace

Andrássy, Gyula

anti-Semitism

Arago, Étienne

Arago, François

armed forces: Austria; Baden; control of; Hungarian War of Independence; Hungary; Paris; Prussia; Russia

Armellini, Carlo

Arnim-Boitzenburg, von

artisans; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Luxembourg Commission,
see also
workers

assimilation

Association for King and Fatherland

Association for the Protection of the Interest of Landed Property

atrocities

Auersperg, Maximilien

Auerswald, Hans von

Austria: absolute monarchy; armed forces; constitutions; counter-revolution; Czech-German conflict; Estates of Lower Austria; European conflict, avoidance of; financial cost of power; Germany; Hungary; imperial structures; Italy
see
Austrians in Italy; Jews; journals; liberals; parliament; peasants; political organisations; republicans; revolution; women; workers,
see also
Habsburg Empire; Vienna

Austria-Hungary

Austrians in Italy: Bologna; Papal States; Piedmontese; policy; predominant power; revolution; tobacco boycott; Venetia; Venice

Austro-Slavism

authoritarian tendencies, twentieth century

Avesani, Gian Francisco