20 x 3 (17 page)

I would like to thank the many subjects in our studies who carried out these interval sprinting programs. Thanks also go to the many medical students who made a significant contribution to data collection. A team of PhD students organised and ran these studies, including Mehrdad Heydari, Ehsan Ghareman and Sarah Dunn. The team at Black Inc. provided invaluable help that made this book possible. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Yati, who made a significant contribution to the book, both from her published studies and with her editorial help and suggestions.

Chapter 1: Understanding Belly Fat

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Ford, ES, Li, C. Zhao, G, & Tsai, J (2011), ‘Trends in obesity and abdominal obesity among adults in the United States from 1999-2008’,
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17.
Raffaitin, C, Féart, C, Le Goff, M, Amieva, H, Helmer, C, Akbaraly, TN, Tzourio, C, Gin, H, & Barberger-Gateau, P (2011), ‘Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in French elders: the Three-City Study’,
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18.
Guallar-Castillón, P, Sagardui-Villamor, J, Banegas, JR, Graciani, A, Fomés, NS, López Garcia, E, & Rodríguez-Artalejo, F (2005), ‘Waist circumference as a predictor of disability among older adults’,
Obesity
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19.
Larsson, SC, & Wolk, A (2007), ‘Obesity and colon and rectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies’,
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
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20.
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21.
Alberti, KG, Zimmet, P, & Shaw, L (2005), ‘The Metabolic Syndrome — a new worldwide definition’,
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Chapter 2: The effect of exercise on belly fat and health

1.
Wu, T, Gao, X, Chen, M, & van Dam, RM (2009), ‘Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions vs. diet-only interventions for weight loss: a meta-analysis’,
Obesity Reviews
, 10, 313–323.

2.
Ohkawara, K, Tanaka, S, Miyachi, M, Ishikawa-Takata, K, & Tabata, I (2007), ‘A dose- response relation between aerobic exercise and visceral fat reduction: systematic review of clinical trials’,
International Journal of Obesity
, 31, 1786–1797.

3.
Ismail, I, Keating, SE, Baker, MK, & Johnson, NA (2012), ‘A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of aerobic vs. resistance exercise training on visceral fat’,
Obesity Reviews
, 13, 68–91.

4.
Mourier, A, Gautier, JF, De Kerviler, E, Bigard, AX, Villette, JM, Garnier, JP, Duvallet, A, Guezennec, CY, & Cathelineau, G (1997), ‘Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM. Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplements’,
Diabetes Care
, 20(3), 385–391.

5.
Trapp, G, Chisholm, D, Freund, J, & Boutcher, SH (2008), ‘The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise training on fat loss and insulin levels of young women’,
International Journal of Obesity
, 32, 684–691.

6.
Dunn, SL (2009), ‘Effects of exercise and dietary intervention on metabolic syndrome markers of inactive premenopausal women’, Doctoral dissertation, University of New South Wales, 20109, http://unswroks.unsw.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/unsworks: 345.

7.
Heydari, M, Freund, J, & Boutcher, SH (2012), ‘The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males’,
Journal of Obesity
. Volume 2012, Article ID 480467, doi: 10.1155/2012/480467.

8.
Boutcher, SH (2011), ‘The effects of high intensity intermittent exercise on fat loss’,
Journal of Obesity
, 2011; 2011: 868305. Epub 2010 Nov 24.; Ohkawara, et al., loc. cit.; Ismail, et al., loc. cit.

9.
Peterson, MD, Sen, A, & Gordon, PM (2010), ‘Influence of resistance exercise on lean body mass in aging adults: A meta-analysis’,
Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise
, 43, 249–258.

10.
Trapp, et al., loc. cit.; Dunn, loc. cit.; Heydari, et al., loc. cit.

11.
Thivel, D, Isacco, L, Rousset, S, Boirie, Y, Morio, B, & Duché, P (2010), ‘Intensive exercise: A remedy for childhood obesity’,
Physiology & Behavior
, doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.10.011.

12.
Tan, M., Chan, R.M.F., Boutcher, Y.N., & Boutcher, S.H. (in press), ‘Effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise on plasma postprandial triacylglycerol in sedentary young women’,
International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism
.

13.
Boutcher, SH, & Dunn, SL (2009), ‘Factors that may impede the weight loss response to exercise-based interventions’,
Obesity Reviews
, 10, 671–680.

14.
Heydari, et al., loc. cit.

15.
Blair, SN (2009), ‘Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21st century’,
British Journal of Sports Medicine
, 43, 2114–2120.

16.
Trapp, et al., loc. cit.

17.
Dunn, loc cit.; Heydari, et al., loc. cit.

18.
Kuk, JL, Janiszewski, PM, & Ross, R (2007), ‘Exercise, visceral adipose tissue, and metabolic risk’,
Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports
, 1, 254–264.; Trapp, et al., loc. cit.; Dunn, loc. cit.

19.
Meyer, K, Samak, L, Schwaibold, M, Westbrook, S, Hajric, R, Beneke, R, Lehmann, M & Roskamm, H (1997), ‘Interval training in patients with severe chronic heart failure: analysis and recommendations for exercise procedures’,
Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise
, 29, 306–312.

20.
Munk, PS, Staal, EM, Butt, NB, Isaksen, K, & Larsen, AI (2009), ‘High-intensity interval training may reduce in-stent restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation A randomized controlled trial evaluating the relationship to endothelial function and inflammation’,
American Heart Journal
, 158, 734–741.

21.
Moholdt, TT, Amundsen, BH, Rustad, LA, Wahba, A, Løvø, KT, Gullikstad, LR, Bye, A, Skogvoll, E, Wisløff, U, & Slørdahl, SA (2009), ‘Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise after coronary artery bypass surgery: A randomized study of cardiovascular effects and quality of life’,
American Heart Journal
, 158, 1031–1037.

22.
Nilsson, BB, Westheim, A, & Risberg, MA (2008), ‘Long-term effects of a group-based high-intensity aerobic interval training program in patients with chronic heart failure’,
American Journal of Cardiology
, 102, 1220–1224.

23.
Wisløff, U, Støylen, A, Loennechen, JP, Bruvold, M, Rognmo, Ø, Haram, PM, Tjønna, AE, Helgerud, J, Slørdahl, SA, Lee, SJ, Videm, V, Bye, A, Smith, GL, Najjar, SM, Ellingsen, Ø, & Skjaerpe, T (2007), ‘Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study’,
Circulation
, 115(24), 3086–3094.

24.
Rognmo, Ø, Hetland, E, Helgerud, J, Hoff, J, & Slørdahl, S (2004), ‘High intensity aerobic interval exercise is superior to moderate intensity exercise for increasing aerobic capacity in patients with coronary artery disease’,
European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation
, 11, 216–222.

25.
Ernst, C (2009), ‘The role of exercise interval training in treating cardiovascular disease risk factors’,
Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports
, 3, 296–301.

26.
Vogiatzis, I, Terzis, G, Nanas, S, Stratakos, G, Simoes, DCM, Geogiadou, O, Zakynthinos, S, & Roussos, C (2005), ‘ Skeletal muscle adaptations to interval training with patients with advanced COPD’,
CHEST
, 128, 3838–45.

27.
ibid.

28.
Kortianu, EA, Nasis, IG, Spetsioti, ST, Daskalakis, AM, & Vogiatzis, I (2010), ‘Effectiveness of interval exercise training in patients with COPD’,
Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal
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29.
Tjønna, AE, Lee, SJ, Rognmo, Ø, Stølen, TO, Bye, A, Haram, PM, Loennechen, JP, Al-Share, QY, Skogvoll, E, Slørdahl, SA, Kemi, OJ, Najjar, SM, & Wisløff, U (2008), ‘Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study’,
Circulation
, 118(4), 346–354.

30.
Praet, SFE, Jonkers, RA, Schep, G, Stehouwer, CDA, Kuipers, H, & van Loon, LJ (2008), ‘Long-standing insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with complication respond well to short-term resistance and interval exercise training’,
European Journal of Endocrinology
, 158, 163–172.

31.
Little, JP, Gillen, JB, Percival, ME, Safdar, A, Tarnoplosky, MA, Punthakee, Z, Jung, ME, & Gibala, MJ (2011), ‘Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes’,
Journal of Applied Physiology
, 111, 1554–1560.

32.
Bussau, VA, Jones, TW, Ferreira, LD, & Fornier, PA (2006), ‘A novel approach to counter an exercise-mediated fall in glycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes’,
Diabetes Care
, 29, 601–606.

33.
Guelfi, KJ, Ratnam, N, Smythe, GA, Jones, TW, & Fornier, PA (2007), ‘Effect of intermittent high-intensity compared with moderate exercise on glucose production and utilization in individuals wth type 1 diabetes’,
American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology & Metabolism
, 292(3), E865–870.

34.
Kessler, HS, Sisson, SB, & Short, KR (2012), ‘The potential for high-intensity interval training to reduce cardiometabolic disease risk’,
Sports Medicine
, 42(6), 489–509.

35.
Slørdahl, SA, Wang, E, Hoff, J, Kemi, OJ, Amundsen, BH & Helgerud, J (2005), ‘Effective training for patients with intermittent claudication’,
Scandanavian Cardiovascular Journal
, 39, 244–249.

36.
Adams, J (2006), ‘High-intensity interval training for intermittent claudication in a vascular rehabilitation program’,
Journal of Vascular Nursing
, 24, 46–49.

37.
Trapp, et al., loc. cit.; Heydari, et al., loc. cit.

38.
Coker, RH, Williams, RH, Kortebein, PM, Sullivan, DH, & Evans, WJ (2009), ‘Influence of exercise intensity on abdominal fat and adiponectin in elderly adults’,
Metabolic Syndrome & Related Disorders
, 7, 363–368.