A History of the Roman World (58 page)

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Authors: H. H. Scullard

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D. THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS
264-241
    
First Punic War.
264
    Roman alliance with Mamertines.
Roman army lands in Sicily.
263
    Hiero becomes Roman ally.
262
    Capture of Agrigentum.
260
    
Naval victory off Mylae.
259
    Roman occupation of Corsica.
258
    Naval victory off Sulci.
257
    Naval victory off Tyndaris.
256
    Naval victory off Ecnomus.
Regulus lands in Africa.
255
    Defeat of Regulus’ army. Naval victory off Cape Hermaeum.
    Roman fleet wrecked off Pachynus.
254
    Romans capture Panormus.
253
    Roman fleet wrecked off Palinurus.
250
    Victory at Panormus. Siege of Lilybaeum.
249
    Claudius’ naval defeat at Drepana. Roman transport fleet wrecked.
247
    Hamilcar Barca starts Carthaginian offensive in Sicily.
244
    Latin colony at Brundisium.
243
Roman fleet built from voluntary loans.
242
Institution of praetor peregrinus.
241
    
Naval victory off Aegates Insulae. Peace. Roman occupation of Sicily.
Falerii reduced. Latin colony at Spoletium. Two tribes created in Picenum (total 35).
241?
Reform of the Comitia Centuriata.
238-225
    Occupation and reduction of Corsica and Sardinia.
238-230
    Intermittent campaigns against the Ligurians.
236
First play of Naevius.
    Gallic raids in the North.
c.
235
The quadrigatus introduced.
235-234
Temple of Janus closed.
232
    
Distribution of ager Callicus carried by Flaminius.
231
    Roman embassy to Hamilcar in Spain.
229-228
    
First Illyrian War. Roman protectorate established on the Illyrian coast.
228
    Roman envoys in Greece.
227
Praetorships raised to four. Sicily and Sardinia under praetors.
226
    Roman embassy to Hasdrubal in Spain;
Ebro treaty.
225
    
Invading Gauls defeated at Telamon.
223
    Flaminius defeats Insubres.
222
    Battle of Clastidium; Insubres surrender.
221-220
North-eastern frontier secured to Julian Alps.
c.
221
    Saguntines appeal to Rome.
220
    Construction of Via Flaminia.
219
    
Second Illyrian War;
Demetrius defeated.
    (aut.)
Hannibal storms Saguntum.
218?
Lex Claudia.
    Latin colonies at Placentia and Cremona.
    Roman ultimatum to Carthage.
War declared
(spring).
218-201
    
Second Punic War.
218
    Hannibal in northern Italy. Battles of Ticinus and Trebia.
217
    Roman naval victory off the Ebro. Battle of Lake Trasimene.
216
    
Battle of Cannae.
Revolts in central Italy, and of Capua.
215
Tributum doubled.
    Hannibal in South Italy. Hasdrubal defeated at Dertosa.
    Alliance of Carthage with Philip and Syracuse.
214
    Roman successes in Spain.
214-205
    
First Macedonian War.
213
    Hannibal occupies Tarentum. Roman siege of Syracuse.
212
    Siege of Capua.
Ludi Apollinares introduced.
212-211
The denarius introduced.
211
    Hannibal’s march on Rome. Fall of Capua and Syracuse. Roman alliance with Aetolia.
    The Scipios defeated in Spain.
210
    Twelve Latin colonies refuse contingents. Fall of Agrigentum.
Scipio Africanus lands in Spain.
209
    Recapture of Tarentum. Capture of New Carthage.
208
    Death of Marcellus. Battle of Baecula.
207
    
Hasdrubal defeated at Metaurus.
206
    Battle of Ilipa.
Final reduction of Spain.
Aetolians make peace with Philip.
205
    Scipio in Sicily. Peace of Phoenice (or 204).
204
Ennius brought to Rome. Cult stone of Mother Goddess brought from Asia Minor.
    
Scipio lands in Africa.
203
    Syphax defeated. Battle of the Great Plains. Armistice broken.
Defeat of Mago. Hannibal recalled in winter.
202
First prose history of Rome by Fabius Pictor.
    
Scipio’s victory at Zama
(aut.).
201
    
Peace.
Masinissa king of Greater Numidia.
Carthage becomes a client state.
Appeal of Attalus and Rhodes.
E. EXTENSION OF EMPIRE
200-196
    
Second Macedonian War.
200
    War declared on Philip. Insubres sack Placentia.
199
Lex Porcia, limiting Imperium of governors. Death of Naevius.
198
    Flamininus’ victory at the Aoiis. Achaeans join Rome.
197
Praetorships raised to six. Spain organized as two provinces.
    Cethegus defeats Insubres.
Battle of Cynoscephalae.
    Peace between Philip and Rome (winter). Revolt of Turdetani in Spain.
196
    Final defeat of Insubres by Marcellus.
Flamininus’ proclamation at
Corinth.
Appeal of Smyrna to Senate.
195
Repeal of Lex Oppia. Lex Porcia, forbidding scourging of citizens.
    Hannibal exiled.
Masinissa starts his raids on Punic territory.
Cato in Spain. War against Nabis.
194
    Roman colonies at Volturnum, Liternum, Puteoli, Salernum, Pyrgi, Sipontum, Tempsa, Croton, Buxentum.
    Lusitani defeated; war drags on intermittently.
    
Evacuation of Greece.
193
    Latin colony at Copia.
192-189
    
War with Antiochus.
192
    Latin colony at Vibo. The Apuani checked. War declared on Antiochus, who lands in Greece (Oct.).
191
Lex Acilia, concerning the calendar.
    
Boii defeated by Scipio Nasica. Antiochus defeated at Thermopylae.
War in Aetolia. Antiochus’ fleet defeated off Corycus.
190
    Placentia and Cremona resettled. The Scipios in Greece.
    Antiochus’ fleet defeated at Side and Myonnesus.
189
Libertini enrolled in rustic tribes.
    Latin colony at Bononia. Campanians enrolled as citizens. Fall of Ambracia. Peace with Aetolia.
    
Defeat of Antiochus at Magnesia.
Manlius raids Galatia.
188
    Full citizenship granted to Arpinum, Formiae, Fundi.
    Treaty of Apamea.
Settlement of Asia.
187
Government liquidates war debt.
Attacks on Scipios.
Non-citizens expelled from Rome.
    Via Aemilia and Via Flaminia.
186
Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus.
    Ligurians defeat Philippus.
184
Cato censor. Death ofPlautus. Exile of Scipio Africanus.
    Roman colonies at Potentia, Pisaurum. Philip sends Demetrius to Rome.
183
Lex Furia Testamentaria. Death of Scipio Africanus.
    Roman colonies at Parma, Mutina, Saturnia.
181
Lex Baebia. Lex Orchia (sumptuary).
    Latin colony at Aquileia. Roman colony at Graviscae.
    Ingauni defeated. End of Achaeo-Spartan quarrel.
    Revolt in Corsica and Sardinia.
181-179
    
First Celtiberian War.
180
Lex Villia Annalis.
    Latin colony at Luca. Apuani defeated. Foundation of Graccuris in Spain.
179
    Accession of Perseus.
178
    Expedition against Istri.
177
Latins expelled from Rome.
    Roman colony at Luna. Annexation of Istria.
177-176
    Sardinia reduced.
173
Latins expelled from Rome. Two Epicurean philosophers expelled.
    Envoys sent to arbitrate between Masinissa and Carthage.
172
Two plebeian consuls.
172-167
    
Third Macedonian War.
171
Temporary court de repetundis.
    Latin colony at Carteia in Spain.
169
Lex Voconia. Freedmen confined to one urban tribe.
Quarrel between Senate and Equites.
168
    
Defeat of Perseus at Pydna.
Romans capture Scodra.
    Antiochus checked. Delos declared a free port. Foundation of Corduba in Spain (or 151).
167
Tributum discontinued.
Perseus’ library brought to Rome. Epirus plundered.
Macedon divided into four, Illyria into three protectorates. 1,000 Achaeans deported to Italy.
166-159
Production of Terence’s comedies.
163
    Final reduction of Corsica.
161
Lex Fannia (sumptuary). Expulsion of Greek philosophers.
    Treaty with Jews.
159
Law against bribery.
157-155
    Roman campaigns in Dalmatia and Pannonia.
155
Carneades in Rome.
154
    Oxybian Ligurians defeated.
154-138
    
Lusitanian War.
153-151
    
Second Celtiberian War.
151
    Carthage declares war on Masinissa.
150
    Return of Achaean exiles to Greece.
c.
150
Lex Aelia Fufia.
Lex Aebutia,
establishing a formulary system of legal procedure.
149-146
    
Third Punic War.
149
Permanent court
de repetundis
(Lex Calpurnia).
Publication of Cato’s
Origines.
Siege of Carthage begun.
Rising of Andriscus in Macedon.
148
Via Postumia.
147
Viriathus successful.
Macedonia becomes a province.
146
Destruction of Carthage. Africa becomes a province.
War between
Rome and Achaeans.
Sack of Corinth.
143-133
Third Celtiberian, or Numantine War.
139
Death of Viriathus.
133
Fall of Numantia.
S
ELECT
B
IBLIOGRAPHY

A full bibliography of earlier works will be found in
The Cambridge Ancient History
, vols iv (1926), vii (1928), viii (1930), and more detailed works are cited in the following notes.

A. GENERAL HISTORIES

J. B. Bury, S. A. Cook, F. E. Adcock and M. P. Charlesworth,
The Cambridge Ancient History
, vol. iv, chs 12 and 13; vol. vii, chs 10–18, 20, 21, 24–6; vol. viii, chs 1–15; vol. ix, chs 10, 20, 21 (Cambridge, 1926–32).

M. Cary and H. H. Scullard,
A History of Rome
, edn 3 (London, 1975).

G. De Sanctis,
Storia dei Romani
, 4 vols (Turin, 1907 – 64).

T. Frank,
A History of Rome
(New York, 1923).

T. Frank,
Roman Imperialism
(New York, 1914).

L. Homo,
Primitive Italy
(London, 1927).

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