A Kidnapping in Milan: The CIA on Trial (38 page)

Mussolini, Alessandra, 236

Mussolini, Benito, 145, 210, 220, 236

death of, 25

separate police agencies created by, 17

Nabil, Sheikh, 99

Naples, Italy, 102, 231

Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 36, 57

Nasr, Hitham, 47, 160–61, 166

Nasr, Omar, 56

Nasr, Osama Mustafa Hassan,
see
Abu Omar

Nasr, Rawya, 160

Nasreddin, Idris Ahmed, 63, 284

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 145–46

Natalie, 261–63

National Security Council, 78, 79, 111

National Security Decision Directive 207, 75–76

National Security Directive 77, 77

NATO, 75, 80–81, 176, 208, 217, 269

Nazis, 145, 253

Netherlands, 99, 103, 105, 217, 231

New Order (Ordine Nuovo), 214, 215

New Orleans, La., 197, 218, 271

New Wafd, 47

New York, N.Y., 141, 219, 228

New York Police Department, 197

Nicholas I, Pope, 135

Nicklaus, Jack, 194

Niger, 234–35

Nighthawks
(Hopper), 219

Nile River, 36

1984
(Orwell), 138

Nixon, Richard, 211

North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, 50–51

Northwest WorldPerks, 189

Norway, 189–90, 217, 259

Nuweiba, Egypt, 49

Obama, Barack, 269, 273, 274–75

Obama administration, 274

O’Connor, Sandra Day, 219

oil, in Kuwait, 38

Oklahoma City bombing, 78

Olimpio, Guido, 27

Olson, Frank, 141–42

Olympics, 2006 Winter, 197, 228

Omar,
see
Abu Omar

Operation Goldenrod, 77

Operation Jihadia, 87

Operation Sphinx, 68–71, 80, 82, 97, 120

ordeals, 134–35

Ordine Nuovo (New Order), 214, 215

Orwell, George, 138

Oslo, Norway, 189, 190

Ottoman Empire, 36, 37, 52

Padua, Italy, 122, 216

Pakistan, 50–51, 54, 59, 62, 63

al-Qaeda training camps in, 67

Palazzo di Giustizia, Milan, 171, 174, 230

Palestinians, 108

Panama Canal Zone, 138

Panetta, Leon, 274–75

Paradiso, Il, 65

Parco Bassi, 29

Paris Métro, 70

Parma, Italy, 108, 109

Partisans, 25, 31, 145

Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid
(film), 219

Pearl Harbor, 210

Peckinpah, Sam, 219

Penango, Italy, 198, 199, 200, 229

Persia, 35

Peru, 72–73

Peshawar, Pakistan, 50–53, 61, 67

Peteano, Italy, 203–4, 208, 212, 214–15

Phoenix program, 142, 206

phone taps, 67–68, 70, 230–32, 233–34, 236

Piazza del Duomo, Milan, 25–26

Piazza Dergano, 15–16, 20, 21, 28, 31, 177–78, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 199, 229

Piazza Fontana, bombing at, 212–13, 216

Piazzale Loreto, 25

Piazzale Maciachini, 28, 29, 31–34

Piazza San Marco, 189

Pignero, Gustavo, 224, 225, 226, 230–32, 235–36

Pinelli, Giuseppe, 213

Pinkerton Detective Agency, 72–73

Pirelli, 57, 228

Pironi, Luciano,
see
Ludwig

Pius XII, Pope, 205

planes, leasing of, 193–94

Podsijelovo, Croatia, 66

Poland, 102, 106

Political Security Organization, Yemen, 87

Pollari, Nicolò, 231–32, 233, 234, 235, 236–37, 238, 242, 273

Pomarici, Ferdinando, 233

Pompa, Pio, 233–34, 235, 236, 273

Pompeii, Italy, 85

Portogruaro, Italy, 123, 179

Portugal, Gladio in, 217

Presidential Decision Directive 39, 78

Prima Linea,
see
Front Line

Principe di Savoia, 185–86, 200

Problem We All Live With, 1964, The
(Rockwell), 218

Prodi, Romano, 221, 240

tribunal and, 242

Prussia, 138

“pump and dump,” 142–43

Purvis, George, 187, 188, 198

qaid, 92

Qassim, Talaat Fuad (Abu Talal), 71, 78–82

Quaranta, Bernardo, 85

Quattrocento, 68

Question of Torture, A
(McCoy), 142

Quran, 39, 40, 41, 43, 47, 50, 52, 53, 88, 93, 111, 128, 151, 158

rack, 133, 136

Raggruppamento Operativo Speciale (ROS; Special Operations Group), 17, 18, 19

Ramstein Air Base, 193, 196, 223

Reagan, Ronald, 75–76, 147, 257

Red Army, 214, 215

Red Brigades, 170–72, 214, 220, 235

Redemptionist Boys and Girls High, 197

Renaissance, 137

Rendition
(film), 265, 268

Renditions, 72–74, 76

see also
extraordinary renditions

Repubblica, La,
200

Republican Party, 261

Ressam, Ahmed, 70

Resurgence (Italy), 29, 34

Rezk, Merfat, 114–19, 120, 121, 124, 164, 169

Rich, Marc, 75

Richards, Mahlon, 195–96

Richmor Aviation, 195

Rijeka, Croatia, 80, 81

Rinascente, La, 26–27

Rockwell, Norman, 218

Rogers, William, 211

Romania, 110, 195

Roman law, 135–36

Romano, Joseph, III, 182, 193, 237, 269, 274

Romans, 13, 56, 57, 133–34, 135, 137

Rome, Italy, 174, 181, 190, 207, 209

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 145

Roosevelt, Kermit, 146

Roosevelt, Theodore, 194

ROS (Raggruppamento Operativo Speciale; Special Operations Group), 17, 18, 19

Roth, Philip, 219

Rueda, Pilar Maria, 185, 188, 189, 198

Russia, 24, 65, 71

Russomando, Ralph, 237, 238, 273

Saad, Hassan al-Sharif Mahmud, 80–81

Saad, Ibrahim, 63–64

Sacred Don’ts, 166–67, 239

Sadat, Anwar, 43, 44, 45, 48, 51, 146, 150

Sahafi Mosque, 106–7

Saidi, Mahmoud al-, 66

Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 194

St. Mark’s Basilica, 36

Salafism, 47

Salem, Shawki Bakry, 114–19

Sanaa, Yemen, 50

San Francisco, Calif., 141

Sardinia, Italy, 215

Saudi Arabia, 51, 103

Savak, 145

Sayed, Mahmoud Abdelkader Es,
see
Abu Saleh

Scandinavia, 136

Seattle, Wash., 219

Secret Apparatus, 41–42

Secret Service, U.S., 18

segregation, 218

Senegal, 59

sensory deprivation, 140–41

September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, 35, 62, 63, 87–90, 96, 120, 147, 176, 194, 201, 231, 236, 267

Septuagint, 35

Serbia, 64, 67, 68, 229

Serravalle, Gerardo, 215

Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare,
see
SISMI

sex, Islamic view of, 40

Sforzas, 25

Shaaban, Anwar, 64–65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71–72, 80–81, 82, 98

Shaari, Abdelhamid, 107, 116

Shaban, Sayed, 114

Shannon, Ireland, 196

sharia, 41, 42, 51

Sherif, 98

SHIK (Shërbimi Informativ Kombëtar; Albanian State Intelligence Service), 54, 61, 243–45, 251

Sicily, 136, 174

SID (Servizio Informazioni Difesa), 207, 211, 216

SIFAR (Servizio Informazioni Forze Armate), 207–8, 209, 211

SIMs (subscriber identity modules), 167–69, 263–64

DIGOS investigation of, 176–78, 179, 180–88, 190, 193, 229–30, 236

SISMI (Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare), 18, 20, 207, 221–23, 224–25, 227–37, 240–41, 273–74

Skorzeny, Otto, 145

slaves, slavery, 74, 133–34

sleep deprivation, 139–40

smallpox vaccine, 85

Socialist Party, Italian, 206, 209, 210

Society of Muslim Brothers, 39–41, 42–43, 45, 46

Sofin, Joseph, 185, 188, 198

Sogno, Edgardo, 211–12

solitary confinement, 141

South Vietnam, 143

Soviet Union, 193

Afghanistan invaded by, 50–51, 64, 69

Ames’s spying for, 202

CIA’s fear of, 204–5

Italian Communists supported by, 206

Nasser’s alliance with, 145

torture by, 138–39

Spain, 57, 103, 195, 217

Spanish Steps, 205

SPAR 92, 193

Spataro, Armando, 169–74, 213

Abu Omar case investigated by, 174–80, 191–92, 200, 229

Berlusconi’s dislike of work of, 220–21

CIA discovery of investigation by, 200

courtesy of, 170

D’Ambrosio’s talk with, 230

Farina’s confession to, 235

Spataro, Armando (
continued
)

government displeasure with, 240–41

indictment against CIA agents requested by, 198, 218, 220, 229, 271

indictment against SISMI members by, 235–37, 273–74

Lady investigated by, 198–200, 229

Libero
’s interview of, 233

Ludwig’s confession to, 230

Obama’s election and, 273

Pignero’s confession to, 235–36

terrorists prosecuted by, 174

at trial of kidnappers, 240–41, 242, 273–74

U.S. admired by, 218–19

U.S. criticism of, 220

Special Ops (CIA division), 222

Sphinx, Operation, 68–71, 80, 82, 97, 120

Stalin, Josef, 145

Starwood Special Preferred Guest Program, 189

State Department, U.S., 62, 197, 200, 219, 268–69

State Police, Italian, 16–17

State Security Service, Egyptian, 48, 156, 160, 165–66, 167, 238, 239, 240, 245

Status of Forces Agreement, NATO, 269

steganography, 89

Stein, Jeff, 268–69

Stocky, 31–32, 33, 230

Stone, Rocky, 212, 215

strappado, 136

Strasbourg Christmas market, 84

subscriber identity modules,
see
SIMs

Sudan, 62, 67, 81

Suddath, Barbara, 181, 186

Suez Canal, 146

suicide bombers, 94, 108–9, 119, 189, 245

see also
martyrdom

Super SID, 211, 234

Supreme Court, Israeli, 219–20

Supreme Court, U.S., 73, 76, 219, 257

Switzerland, 75, 98, 104, 138, 195, 217

Syria, 24, 42, 51, 59, 81, 110, 145, 147, 155

Tahar, Sheikh, 99

takeoff protocol, 192

Tanzania, 67

Taranto, Italy, 169

Taviani, Paolo Emilio, 216

Telecom Italia, 236

Temple of Hatshepsut, 45–46, 52, 81

terrorism, terrorists:

Abu Omar’s planning of, 93–107

Abu Omar’s recruiting for, 189

charities of, 244

chemical attacks discussed by, 98

dilemma of arresting, 86

Europe as target of, 83–84, 88

in Iraq, 108–9, 245, 251

Italian investigations of, 119–20

Italian police jurisdiction and, 17, 18

in Italy, 169, 170–72, 173, 203–4, 212–13, 214–17

Kabul bombing, 247

methods of car bombing discussed by, 101

among mujahidin, 51

in Oklahoma City, 78

on Paris Métro, 70

recruiting of, 95–96

in Rijeka, 80, 81

of Secret Apparatus, 42

at Temple of Hatshepsut, 45–46, 52, 81

in Tunisia, 94

against World Trade Center, 62–63, 67

see also
Milan terrorist network; September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks; World Trade Center

Thailand, 59

“third degree,” 136

thumbscrews, 136

Timofte, Mihai, 182

Tirana, Albania, 52–53

Tora Prison complex, 48, 156–59, 165, 238–39

Toronto, Canada, 69

torture:

of Abu Omar, 151, 152–53, 154, 155, 157, 165, 175, 176, 238, 239, 240, 251, 252, 292

at battle of Vozuca, 71

in Cold War, 138–40

in Egyptian prisons, 43, 131–33, 148–50

history of, 133–48

outlawing of, 137–38

social class and, 133–34, 137

tests of, 138–42

unreliability of information obtained from, 133–34, 136, 143–44

Torya, 199, 200

Tosca pizzeria, 18–19

Treasury Department, U.S., 64, 90, 284

Tribunal of Milan, 240–42, 268–69, 273–74

Trojan War, 272

Tunisia, 59, 82, 94, 97, 102

Turin, Italy, 170–71, 197, 231

Turkey, 59, 103, 217

Twin Towers,
see
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks; World Trade Center

Ukraine, 59

United Arab Emirates, 195

United Mileage Plus, 189

United Nations, 63, 271

United Nations Convention Against Torture, 147

United States, 111

Afghanistan invaded by, 90, 108, 195

bombing of African embassies of, 67

Iraq invaded by, 108, 112, 189–90, 191, 245

Israel supported by, 62

Italian coups considered by, 209–10, 211

Italy’s extradition treaty with, 75

Mexico’s extradition treaty with, 74

Mondragone military barracks of, 84

mujahidin armed by, 50, 51

Peru’s extradition treaty with, 72–73

phone taps in, 68

Ramstein Air Base used by, 193

Spataro’s admiration for, 218–19

torture by, 138, 139, 140–47

United States v. Alvarez-Machain,
74

Urban V, Pope, 91

Varese, Italy, 120

Vasiliou, Michalis, 187, 198

Vatican City, 61

Venice, Italy, 36, 123, 179

Vercelli, Italy, 231

Verona, Italy, 122

Viale Jenner, 19, 29, 90, 116, 118

Viale Jenner mosque, 19, 67–71, 80, 84–85, 92, 107, 112, 154, 163, 284

Blind Sheikh’s links to, 63–64

forgers’ tools in, 69

Ramzi Yousef’s links to, 67, 68

surveillance of, 68, 70, 93–109

Via Quaranta mosque, 85–86, 89, 92, 107, 110, 111, 120, 163

Abu Omar named deputy chief imam at, 92

Quranic school at, 93

Vicenza, Italy, 122

Vietnam War, 142–43, 206

Vignola Church of the Holy Name of Jesus, 61

Vinciguerra, Vincenzo, 214

violence,
see
terrorism, terrorists

Virginia, 137

Visa, 188

Visconti, 57

Vozuca, battle of, 71