A Planet of Viruses (13 page)

McFadden, G. 2010. Killing a killer: What next for smallpox?
PLoS Pathogens
6 (1): e1000727.

Shchelkunov, S. N. 2009. How long ago did smallpox virus emerge?
Archives of
Virology
154:1865–71.

EPILOGUE

Claverie, J.-M., and C. Abergel. 2009. Mimivirus and its virophage.
Annual
Review of Genetics
43:49–66.

Forterre, P. 2010. Defining life: The virus viewpoint.
Origins of Life and Evolution
of Biospheres
40:151–60.

Moreira, D., and C. Brochier-Armanet. 2008. Giant viruses, giant chimeras: The multiple evolutionary histories of mimivirus genes.
BMC Evolutionary Biology
8:12.

Moreira, D., and P. Lopez-Garcia. 2009. Ten reasons to exclude viruses from the tree of life.
Nature Reviews Microbiology
7:306–11.

Ogata, H., and J. M. Claverie. 2008. How to infect a mimivirus.
Science
321:1305.

Raoult, D., and P. Forterre. 2008. Redefining viruses: Lessons from mimivirus.
Nature Reviews Microbiology
6:315–19.

Raoult, D., B. La Scola, and R. Birtles. 2007. The discovery and characterization of mimivirus, the largest known virus and putative pneumonia agent.
Clinical Infectious Diseases
45:95–102.

Introduction: tobacco mosaic viruses, © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. Chapter 1: rhinovirus, copyright © 2010 Photo Researchers, Inc. (all rights reserved). Chapter 2:influenza virus, by Frederick Murphy, from the PHIL, courtesy of the CDC. Chapter 3: human papillomavirus, copyright © 2010 Photo Researchers, Inc. (all rights reserved). Chapter 4: bacteriophages, courtesy of Graham Colm. Chapter 5: marine phage, courtesy of Willie Wilson. Chapter 6: avian leukosis virus, courtesy of Dr. Venugopal Nair and Dr. Pippa Hawes, Bioimaging group, Institute for Animal Health. Chapter 7: human immunodeficiency virus, by P. Goldsmith, E. L. Feorino, E. L. Palmer, and W. R. McManus, from the PHIL, courtesy of the CDC. Chapter 8: West Nile virus, by P. E. Rollin, from the PHIL, courtesy of the CDC. Chapter 9: Ebola virus, by Cynthia Goldsmith, from the PHIL, courtesy of the CDC. Chapter 10: smallpox virus, by Frederick Murphy, from the PHIL, courtesy of the CDC. Epilogue: mimivirus, courtesy of Dr. Didier Raoult, Research Unit in Infectious and Tropical Emergent Diseases (URMITE).

AIDS.
See
HIV

algae, climate and,
43

allergies, immune system and,
13

Andromeda Strain, The
(film),
74

antibiotics: discovery of,
36
–
37
; drug resistance and,
39
; overprescription of,
11
–
12

antiviral medications,
84

APOBEC
₃
protein,
52

Arrowsmith
(Lewis),
36

avian leukosis,
46
,
48
–
49
.
See also
retroviruses

bacteria: biofilm and,
39
; drug resistant,
12
,
38
,
39
; photosynthetic,
43
,
45
; size of,
5
.
See also
bacteriophages

bacteriophages: abundance of,
43
; debates over,
35
–
36
,
37
–
38
; discovery of,
34
; genetic engineering and,
38
–
39
; lytic,
35
–
36
; in marine environment,
42
–
43
; as medicine,
36
,
37
–
39
; picture of,
32
; temperate,
35
–
36
,
44
; ubiquity of,
37
–
38
.
See also
bacteria

bats, animal-to-human leap of viruses and,
75
,
76

Beijerinck, Martinus,
4

Bieniasz, Paul,
51
–
52

biological weapons, smallpox as,
82
,
86

birds: influenza and,
17
–
19
; West Nile virus and,
65
–
69

Bordet, Jules,
35
–
36

Boylston, Zabdiel,
83

Bradfordcoccus
,
90

Bronx Zoo,
65

bubonic plague, bacteriophages and,
36

Cameroon, origins of HIV and,
75

cancer,
24
,
29
,
48
–
51

Carlos (king of Spain),
84

Cave of Crystals,
1
–
2

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
55

Central America, smallpox in,
83

chickens, avian leukosis in,
48
–
49

chimpanzees, HIV and,
74
–
75

China: SARS and,
75
–
77
; smallpox prevention in,
83

cholera: bacteriophages and,
36
,
43
; cause of,
43
,
45

civets, SARS and,
76
–
77

climate: marine organisms and,
43
; West Nile virus and,
69
–
70

cloning,
47

Collins, James,
38
–
39

Columbus, Christopher,
66
,
82

common cold,
9
–
13
.
See also
rhinovirus

coronaviruses,
76

cough syrup, dangers of,
11

Crohn disease, immune system and,
13

cystic fibrosis, virus-hunting expedition and,
2
–
3

cytokines, common cold and,
11

Darwin, Charles,
45

Dede (Indonesian boy),
24
–
25
,
27

Delbruck, Max,
38

Democratic Republic of Congo, HIV and,
59
–
60

DNA: avian leukosis and,
48
–
49
; bacteriophages and,
35
–
36
,
38
–
39
,
44
–
45
; cell division and,
26
; cervical tumors and,
25
; cystic fibrosis studies and,
2
; endogenous retroviruses and,
50
,
51
–
52
; human evolution and,
28
; human reproduction and,
18
,
47
; jumping,
52
; mimiviruses and,
92
; origins of life and,
93
–
94
; protein-coding genes in,
52
; virus genomes and,
91

Dochez, Alphonse,
10

Dover, White Cliffs of,
43

dysentery, bacteriophages and,
34
,
36

Ebers Papyrus,
9
,
11

Ebola virus: outbreaks of,
77
; picture of,
72

E. coli.
See
Escherichia coli

Egypt, ancient medical texts and,
9

Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology, and Virology,
37
,
38

Emiliania huxleyi
virus, picture of,
40

encephalitis, West Nile virus and,
68

epidemics: bacteriophages and,
43
; HIV as mystery and,
57

Escherichia coli
: bacteriophages and,
35
,
36
,
38
,
39
; picture of,
32

Ethiopia, smallpox in,
86

evolution: animal-to-human leap of viruses and,
74
–
75
; bacteriophages and,
38
; HIV and,
61
–
62
; human papillomavirus and,
27
,
30
; of influenza,
17
–
20
; marine microbes and,
45
; marine viruses and,
43
,
44
; of rhinovirus,
12

Food and Drug Administration,
11

Forterre, Patrick,
93

García-Ruiz, Juan Manuel,
2

genetics: genetic engineering and,
38
–
39
; gene transfer and,
44
–
45
,
47
,
50
; history of genes and,
45
; identity and,
47
; influenza and,
18
; viruses in human genome and,
47
–
48

Global Viral Forecasting Initiative (GVFI),
74
,
77

Gottschling, Marc,
27

Goulder, Philip,
62

Gustave Roussy Institute,
51

GVFI (Global Viral Forecasting Initiative).
See
Global Viral Forecasting Initiative (GVFI)

H1N1 virus,
19
–
20

H5N1 virus,
17

Haiti, HIV and,
60

Heidmann, Thierry,
51
,
52

Herelle, Felix d’,
34
–
37
,
42
–
43

HERV-K[con] virus,
52

Hill, Leonard,
10
,
11

Hippocrates,
10

HIV: death toll of,
56
; early recognition of,
55
–
56
,
57
; effects of,
56
–
57
; evolution and,
61
–
62
; genome of,
89
; global spread of,
59
–
60
,
66
,
77
; mutations and,
61
–
62
; origins of,
57
,
58
–
60
,
74
–
75
; picture of,
54
; prevention and treatment of,
60
–
61
; transmission of,
56