A Ton of Crap (110 page)

Useful Pashto Phrases
Here are some helpful phrases to use when traveling to Afghanistan or Pakistan. Note that these are written phonetically.

Hello.
Salaam.

Good morning.
Sahr pikheyr.

Good afternoon.
Wradz mo pa kheyr.

Good evening.
Maakhaam mo pa kheyr.

Good night.
Shpa mo pa kheyr.

Pleased to meet you.
Khwakh shum pa li do di.

I don’t understand.
Za na poheegum.

How much is this?
Da somra di
?

Excuse me.
Bakhena ghwaarum.

Where’s the toilet?
Khakandas cheerta di
?

Thank you.
Manana.

What’s your name?
Staa num tsa dhe
?

Goodbye.
Da khoday pa amaan.

1. The Red Guard was responsible for:
   

   1. Protecting China’s borders from the Soviet Union
      
   2. Persecuting intellectuals and teachers
      
   3. Creating the Great Leap Forward
      
   4. Creating communes
      

2. The Cultural Revolution was blamed on:
   

   1. Chairman Mao
      
   2. Zhou Enlai
      
   3. The Gang of Four
      
   4. The Red Guard
      

3. Which of the following are reasons for the wide popularity of children’s literature?
   

   1. Views on child labor began to change.
      
   2. Children were required to attend school and learn to read.
      
   3. The works of Hans Christian Andersen were translated into English.
      
   4. All of the above.
      

4. What did the Pre-Raphaelites focus on?
   

   1. A revival of classical and medieval work
      
   2. A rejection of classical and medieval work
      
   3. A revival of ideology from the French Revolution
      
   4. A rejection of ideology from the French Revolution
      

5. Which of the following statements is true?
   

   1. Any group can be represented as a transformation group.
      
   2. Any group can be represented as an abstract group.
      
   3. Any group can be represented as a permutation group.
      
   4. Any group can be represented as a matrix group.
      

6. As transformations preserve an object, there will be:
   

   1. More symmetry
      
   2. Less symmetry
      
   3. More abstraction
      
   4. Less abstraction
      

7. Which law states
   pV
   =
   k
   ?
   

   1. Graham’s law
      
   2. Charles’s law
      
   3. Gay-Lussac’s law
      
   4. Boyle’s law
      

8. Which law states
   V
    α 
   T
   ?
   

   1. Graham’s law
      
   2. Charles’s law
      
   3. Gay-Lussac’s law
      
   4. Boyle’s law
      

9. Why did Pashto spread to Pakistan?
   

   1. The Afghanis invaded Pakistan.
      
   2. The Pashtun people invaded Pakistan.
      
   3. The Durand Line divided the area inhabited by Pakhtuns, creating Pakistan.
      
   4. The Durand Line forced all Pashto-speaking people to move to Pakistan.
      

10. Which of the following is true?
    

    1. The first written records of Pashto date back to the sixteenth century.
       
    2. By the seventeenth century, the national poet of Afghanistan, Khushhal Khan Khattak, was writing in Pashto.
       
    3. Parts of the language borrow from Greek, dating back to the third century b.c.
       
    4. All of the above.
       

ANSWER KEY: b, c, d, a, c, a, d, b, c, d

HISTORY:
Vietnam War
Vietnam Following the Geneva Peace Accords, A Split in Vietnam, The Kennedy Years, The Johnson Years, Antiwar Movement, The End of the War

LANGUAGE ARTS:
Charles Dickens
About Charles Dickens,
A Christmas Carol
,
Oliver Twist
,
David Copperfield
,
A Tale of Two Cities
,
The Mystery of Edwin Drood

MATH:
The Number e
What Is
e
?, The Natural Base, Numerical Series, Discrete Accumulation, Hyperbolic Trigonometry, Derangements

SCIENCE:
Plasma
What Is Plasma?, Degree of Ionization, Temperatures, Differences Between Plasma and Gas, Magnetization, Examples of Plasma

FOREIGN LANGUAGE:
Afrikaans
The Origins, Phonetics and Grammar, Dialects, Afrikaans and Apartheid, Afrikaans in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Useful Afrikaans Phrases

VIETNAM WAR

Vietnam Following the Geneva Peace Accords
After 100 years of colonization by the French, the Vietnamese fought and defeated the French in the First Indochina War, forcing them to leave. The French and Vietnamese met in Geneva to sign a treaty in the summer of 1954. According to the Geneva Peace Accords, elections would be held in 1956, making the division between North and South Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel disappear. The United States, believing this would give too much power to the Communist party in Vietnam, supported the creation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) to act as a counterrevolutionary alternative. With the help of the United States and SEATO, South Vietnam established a new government as the Republic of Vietnam.

CHARLES DICKENS

About Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens is one of the Victorian era’s best-known writers. Dickens’s work focused on hypocrisy, injustice, and social evils, and much of his work drew upon his actual life and featured comical characters and social commentary. Dickens lived from 1812 to 1870. Like other Victorian works, his writing was often serialized, and in total, Dickens wrote fifteen novels. Some of his most famous novels include
Oliver Twist
,
Nicholas Nickleby
,
A Christmas Carol
,
A Tale of Two Cities
,
Great Expectations
, and
The Pickwick Papers
. Dickens began his career as a journalist at the age of sixteen, and he continued working in journalism for the rest of his life.

THE NUMBER E

What Is e?
The number
e
, also known as Euler’s number, is one of the most famous and important irrational numbers, and it is the base of the natural logarithms. The number was first introduced in the early 1600s by John Napier, who worked with logarithms. Napier abandoned the concept of natural logarithms, instead focusing on common logarithms that had a base of ten. Leonard Euler picked up where John Napier left off, and it is Euler who is responsible for discovering the properties of
e
. The number
e
expands infinitely, with the first values of
e
being:

e
= 2.71828182845904523536 …

PLASMA

What Is Plasma?
The three most well-known phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. There is a fourth phase, however, known as plasma, and it is the most abundant form of matter in the entire universe even though it does not have a definite form. Plasma is matter that has a very high pressure and temperature, and stars and interstellar dust feature plasma (for example, it is found on the Sun). Plasma is a combination of free electrons (which are stripped from their orbit), neutral atoms, and charged ions. Like gas and liquid, plasma is fluid; however, due to the charged particles, it both responds to electro-magnetic forces and generates electro-magnetic forces.

AFRIKAANS

The Origins
Spoken in South Africa and Namibia, Afrikaans is a West Germanic language and is a daughter language of Dutch. In the seventeenth century, the Dutch created colonies in Africa, and up until the nineteenth century, Afrikaans was considered to just be a dialect of Dutch. The language evolved, and in 1914, Afrikaans was considered a separate language and declared the official language of South Africa. Of the vocabulary in Afrikaans, it is believed that 90 to 95 percent has Dutch origins, and the rest has influences from Malay, the Bantu languages, and Portuguese.