American Experiment (145 page)
Read American Experiment Online
Authors: James MacGregor Burns
Pageot, Alphonse,
446
Paine, Robert Treat,
71
Paine, Thomas,
17
,
91
,
177
,
226
,
363
;
Common Sense
,
117-18
painting and sculpture,
79
,
112
,
451
,
476
Pakenham, Richard,
458
Panic: of 1819,
241-2
,
374
; of 1837,
343-4
,
446
; of 1857,
588-9
Paredes, Gen. Mariano,
460-1
Paris,
18
,
22
,
99-100
,
416
,
467
,
539
,
588
Parker, Capt. John,
482
Parker, Theodore,
482-3
,
487
,
546
,
549
Parsons, Eli,
14
Parsons, Theophilus,
218
Panon, James,
324
Paterson, William,
36-7
,
39-40
,
185
patriotism,
144
,
214-15
,
502
,
536-9
Patterson, Gen. Robert,
609
Paul, Sherman,
487
Peabody, Mary,
489
peace: in 1820s,
252-4
; ideology of,
216
Peale, Charles W.,
116-17
Pea Ridge, Ark.,
621
Pears, Mrs. Thomas,
441-2
Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil,
249
Peel, Robert,
447
Pelham, William,
441
Peltason, J. W.,
188
Pennsylvania,
6
,
25
,
47-9
,
84
,
113
,
114
,
120
,
280
,
281
,
288
,
293
,
299
,
315
,
408
,
431
,
442
,
503-4
,
528-530
; canal system in,
304
,
305
,
352
; Fries rebellion in,
146
; politics in,
69
,
108
,
147
,
212
,
266
,
325
,
335
,
336
,
342
,
358
,
421
,
553
,
561-2
,
594
,
595
,
597
; radicals’ constitution in,
118-20
,
226
,
263
Whiskey Rebellion; in,
97-8
Perote, Mexico,
463
Perry, Comm. Matthew C.,
542
Perry, Capt. Oliver Hazard,
212-13
,
233
Phalansteries,
443
Philadelphia, Pa.,
7
,
22
,
41
,
65
,
80
,
110-20
,
125
,
129
,
162
,
163
,
168
,
179
,
273
,
275
,
289
,
293
,
299
,
304
,
328
,
337
,
339
,
350
,
358
,
359
,
393
,
400
,
408
,
410
,
469
,
499
,
503
,
514
,
536
,
559
,
604
; Dickens on,
352
; as federal capital,
86
,
87
,
92
,
96
,
107
,
110-12
,
120
; political radicals in,
116-20
; society and culture in,
110-16
,
355
Philadelphia
Aurora
,
108
,
113
,
128-9
Philadelphia Negro, The
(DuBois),
114
Philadelphia
Public Ledger
,
514
Phillips, Anne (Mrs. Wendell),
519
,
521
Phillips, Wendell,
519-21
,
549
,
590
Phillips Academy, Andover,
75-6
Pickering, Timothy,
121
,
124-5
,
127-8
,
146
,
218
,
230-1
,
235
,
240
Pierce, Franklin,
426-7
,
475
,
525
,
540
,
559
,
563
,
599
· and Cuba, policy on,
537-9
; and Kansas-Nebraska bill,
544
,
545
,
582-3
Pierce, John,
508-9
Pierce, William,
35
Pinckney, Charles,
35-7
,
42
,
61
,
107
,
152
,
160-1
,
328
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth,
30-1
,
35
,
107
,
120-3
,
124
,
152
,
183
,
203-4
,
227
Pinckney, Thomas,
107-9
Pinkney, William,
198
Pittsburgh,
180
,
299
,
301-2
,
304
,
352
,
440
,
450
,
558
,
603
,
604
Pius VII, Pope,
194
Pius IX, Pope,
467
Pletcher, David,
461
Plumer, William,
264
Plummer, Franklin,
409-10
Poe, Edgar Allan,
223
Poland,
438
political parties,
343
,
361
; constitutions and development of,
367-70
,
376-82
; and issues,
135-40
,
362
,
377
,
379
,
380
; of labor,
358-9
,
361
,
373
,
503
; leaders of
369
,
373
,
376-7
,
379
,
380
,
428
; and liberty,
372
,
379
; linkage with state and local parties,
374
,
377
,
380
,
381
,
466
,
598
; and majority rule,
139
,
192-3
,
368
,
372-3
,
381-2
; opposition to,
91
,
99
,
108
,
134-5
,
145
,
239
,
269
,
272
,
368
,
369
,
379
; origins of,
91
,
134-40
; and patronage,
137
,
166
,
185
,
240
,
266
,
169
,
379
,
408
,
549
: third parties,
358-9
,
412
,
547-9
,
553
,
560
,
599
; two-party system,
105
,
134-9
,
241
,
368
,
369
,
371
,
372
,
378
,
379
,
380
,
381
,
599-600
;
see also
nominating conventions; presidential elections
political parties, local,
120
,
169
,
230
,
265-6
,
342
,
347
,
381
,
548
,
554
,
558
; leadership in,
137
,
155
,
379
; linkagewith national party,
377
,
380
,
381
,
466
; origins of,
134-6
,
374-6
political parties, state,
169
,
229
,
265
,
548
,
554
; charters and development of,
369-78
; leadership in,
137
,
155
,
379
,
380
: linkage with national party,
374
,
377
,
380
,
381
,
466
,
598
; origins of,
134-6
politics,
407-8
,
428-9
; defined,
320
; equality in,
362-3
,
378
,
584
; factionalism in,
91
,
93
,
239
,
241
,
261
; grass-roots,
62-3
,
118-19
,
139-40
,
210
,
227-8
,
229-30
,
266
,
309
,
347
,
349
,
358
,
451
,
600
;
see also
leadership: political
Polk, James K.,
320
,
344
,
421
,
468
,
538
; and “manifest destiny,”
457-8
,
564
; Mexican War,
460-4
; presidency of,
426
,
457-60
,
614-15
Pomper, Gerald,
342
Pond, Charles F.,
433
popular sovereignty,
544
,
550
,
577
,
579-80
,
584-5
,
592
population,
7
,
80
,
120
,
141
,
291
,
433
,
511
,
527
,
553
,
607-8
; slave,
390
Potomac River,
172
,
214
,
277
,
299
,
304
,
323
; in Civil War,
609
,
621
Pottawatomie Indians,
211
Potter, David.
553
Poughkeepsie, N.Y.,
56-7
,
218
,
269
,
433
,
541
poverty,
114
,
361
,
411-12
,
414
,
434-5
,
498
; rural,
409-10
; urban.
115
,
125
,
355
,
405-9
;
see also
lower class
power; balance of,
109
,
117-18
,
135
,
225-6
,
572
,
598
; and judicial review,
189
,
193
; private, and liberty,
131
; in republics,
118-19
,
225-6
,
262
;
see also
separation of powers
Pownall, Thomas,
3-4
Prague,
467
Presbyterians,
7
,
78
,
257
,
494-5
,
497
Prescott. William H.,
478
Philip II
,
588
President (presidency),
38
,
70
,
564
; election of,
38
,
61
,
107-8
,
229-30
,
362
,
372
; strong,
346-7
,
427
,
598
,
614-15
,
619
; veto power of,
38
,
171
,
262
,
599-600
;
see also
executive branch
presidential elections: campaigning in,
107
,
147
,
265-7
,
419-22
; cost of,
322
; issues in,
320
,
322
,
333
,
334-6
; nomination by congressional caucus,
183
,
204
,
210
,
212
,
228
,
238
,
265
,
369
,
378
; and political balance,
467
; slander in,
151-2
,
265
,
323
,
342
,
421
;
see also
nominating conventions
press,
44
,
47
,
50
,
57
,
90-1
,
112-13
,
243
,
482
,
499
,
546-7
,
576
; freedom of,
19
,
24-5
,
42
,
90-1
,
125
,
127
,
130
,
131
,
372
,
392
,
511
,
573
; and politics,
80
,
90-1
,
108-9
,
161
,
171
,
188-9
,
190
,
217
,
223-4
,
231
,
246
,
264
,
322
,
332
,
358
,
371
,
374
,
377
,
421
,
515
; prosecutions of, under Sedition Act,
128-30
,
139
;
see also
newspapers
