American Language Supplement 2 (119 page)

1
In 1944 the
Oregon Journal
of Portland brought out an abbreviated edition with illustrations by Marilyn Campbell.

2
Piedmont (W. Va.), 1945. This is a volume of 768 pages, listing more than 3,500 names.

3
University of Arizona Bulletin
, Jan. 1, 1935. A volume of 503 pages, listing about 4,000 names. It includes a bibliography.

4
Vermillion (S. Dak.), 1941. A volume of 689 pages, listing about 7,000 names. There are maps and a bibliography.

5
Berkeley, 1947. This work is still in press as I write, but I have seen some specimens of it by the courtesy of Dr. Gudde. It will run to about 750 pages and will list about 7,500 names.

6
It is being published by the American Library Association. I have seen the MS. by the courtesy of Mr. Sealock, and can testify to the thoroughness of the work. It lists more than 2,000 items.

7
Indian Place-Names in Alabama,
Louisiana State University Studies
No. 29; Baton Rouge, 1937. This learned work is reviewed in
American Speech
, Oct., 1937, by John R. Swinton, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, with some minor corrections and additions. In it there is a bibliography of other writings on Alabama names, pp. 80–84. It disposes of the old theory that
Alabama
comes from an Indian term meaning “Here we rest.” The real meaning, says Read, is “those who clear the land.” In John Palmer’s Journal of Travels in the United States; London, 1819, p. 131, there is the interesting observation that the Alabamians of that era pronounced the State name
Ol-aw-baw-mo

8
Choctaw Indian Names in Alabama and
Mississippi, Transactions of the Alabama Historical Society
, Vol. III, 1898–99, pp. 64–77.

1
Twenty-first Annual Report, Part II, pp. 489–509. There was a second edition in 1906.

2
Some Alaskan Place Names,
American Speech
, Feb., pp. 60–61.

3
Geographic Names in the Coastal Areas of Alaska; Washington, 1943.

1
Barnes prints a bibliography, but overlooks Arizonology, by Elwood Lloyd; Flagstaff, 1933, which lists about 2,000 names.

2
Some Old French Place-Names in the State of Arkansas, by John C. Branner and Raoul Renault,
Modern Language Notes
, Feb., 1899, pp. 33–40, and March, 1899, p. 96.

3
Arkansas Place-Names, in Folklore of Romantic Arkansas; New York, 1931, Vol. I, pp. 59–64 and 65–107.

4
California Names in Their Literal Meanings; Los Angeles, 1893.

5
An American Primer was published posthumously in the
Atlantic Monthly
, April, 1904. But most of it had been written in the 50s, before the appearance of Leaves of Grass.

6
Spanish and Indian Place Names of California; San Francisco, 1914.

7
Trends in the Pronunciation of Spanish Place-Names of California.
American Speech
, Aug., 1931, pp. 461–63.

8
A Handbook For Californiacs: A Key to the Meaning and Pronunciation of Spanish and Indian Place Names; San Francisco, 1926.

9
A Pronouncing Dictionary of California Names in English and Spanish; San Francisco, 1925.

10
California Place-Names From the Spanish,
American Speech
, April, 1932, pp. 317–18, and April, 1933, p. 75.

1
California Spanish and Indian Place Names; Los Angeles, 1931.

2
The Pronunciation of Spanish Place Names in California,
American Speech
, Dec., 1942, pp. 239–46. There is an anonymous article in the California Historical Nugget, Vol. I, 1924, pp. 59–66.

3
California Place Names of Indian Origin,
University of California Publications in Anthropology and Ethnology
, Vol. XII, No. 2, June 15, 1916, pp. 31–69.

4
Francis P. Farquhar published Place Names of the High Sierra,
Sierra Club Bulletin
, Vol. II, 1923, pp. 380–407. Other contributions to the subject are in California Names; Their History and Meaning, by Thomas P. Pollok; San Francisco, 1934; Origin of
California
, by Nellie Van de Grift Sanchez,
Motor Land
, Sept., 1933, pp. 9–13; Dictionary of Spanish-Named California Cities and Towns, by Henry M. Moreno; San Luis Obispo, 1916, and The Dictionary of California Land Names, by Phil Townsend Hanna; Los Angeles, 1946. The last-named gives the Spanish pronunciation of all the Spanish names listed. There is a bibliography and nearly 4,000 names are discussed.

5
Feb., pp. 180–87.

1
American Speech
, April, pp. 88–92, and Oct., pp. 203–07.

2
I am indebted here to Mr. Harry Simonson, supervisor of the project.

3
The History of Connecticut as Illustrated by the Names of Her Towns,
Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
, New Series, Vol. III, 1885, pp. 421–48.

4
Indian Derivatives in Connecticut Place-Names,
New England Quarterly
, June, pp. 364–69.

5
Some Vagaries in Connecticut Valley Indian Place-Names,
New England Quarterly
, Sept., 535–44.

1
Florida Place-Names of Indian Origin and Seminole Personal Names; Baton Rouge, 1934. See also Some Florida Names of Indian Origin, by Frank Drew,
Florida Historical Society Quarterly
, April, 1926, pp. 181–82, and April, 1928, pp. 197–205.

1
The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States, before cited.

2
In a review of Read in
American Speech
, Oct., 1934, pp. 218–20, John R. Swanton, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, offered some valuable additions. A note by Read on
Caxambas
, the name of a pass making in from the Gulf of Mexico, is in
Language
, July-Sept., 1945.

3
I am indebted here to Dr. Alfred D. Schoch. A note on the name
Jupiter
is in
American Speech
, Oct., 1938, pp. 233–34.

4
Charleston (S.C.), 1827; second edition, Washington, 1837; third edition, Washington, 1837; fourth edition, Macon and Atlanta (Ga.), 1860.

5
Dr. Wells tells me that “most of the work on the names of Georgia towns” was done by Dr. Edward Dawson, of the college English faculty.

6
Ee
Places in Georgia, New York
Sun
, March 30, 1938.

7
I have been unable to locate his article. What follows is from a reprint in the
Idaho Statesman
(Boise), of July 3, 1939, p. 10.

8
It was organized on March 3, 1863

1
This word appears in no English dictionary and is unknown to music. It may be a mistake for
aspiration
.

2
In the same issue of the
Idaho Statesman
from which I have quoted, p. 62, is an article giving the origins of the names of the Idaho counties, by Clyde A. Bridger. It is reprinted in the
Northwest Quarterly
, April, 1940, pp. 187–206. See also Some Non-English Place Names in Idaho, by E. W. Talbert,
American Speech
, Oct., 1938, pp. 175–78.

3
Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
, Oct., 1936, pp. 181–311. Minor notes are in The Naming of
Bloomington
, by V. A. Syfert, the same, July, 1936, pp. 161–67, and Speech Currents in Egypt, by Grace Partridge Smith,
American Speech
, Oct., 1942, p. 173.

4
I am indebted to Mr. Sealock for a copy of this bibliography. In the
Saturday Review of Literature
, Nov. 21, 1942, p. 24, Virginia Scott Miner, a resident of Kansas City but apparently Hoosier-born, printed some dithyrambs on the charm of Indiana place-names “from the
Wabash
banks to
Tippecanoe
, from
Vincennes
to
Buzzards’ Glory
.” There are some minor notes by Jacob Piatt Dunn, the State historian, in the
Indiana Magazine of History
, and a card-index of Indiana place-names is kept by the State Historical Society.

5
Observations on Iowa Place Names,
American Speech
, Oct., 1929, pp. 27–44. This was followed by
Liberty
in Iowa, the same, June, 1931, pp. 360–67.

1
The names of Appanoose are dealt with in
American Speech
, Oct., 1927, pp. 39–66; the others, in
Annals of lowa
, 1929–39.

2
Louisiana Place-Names of Indian Origin; Baton Rouge (La.), 1927.

1
Read published More Indian Place-Names in Louisiana,
Louisiana Historical Quarterly
, July, 1928, pp. 445–62, mainly made up of addenda and corrigenda. There is a note on Place Names in New Orleans Parish (chiefly French), in the New Orleans City Guide compiled by the Federal Writers’ Project; Boston, 1934, pp. 403–06.

2
Indian Place-Names of the Penobscot Valley and the Maine Coast; University of Maine Studies, Second Series, No. 55; Orono (Maine), Nov., 1941.

3
In AL4, p. 531 I quoted one stanza of a satirical poem on these names by R. H. Newell (Orpheus C. Kerr). Another such poem, by Francis B. Keene, was printed ir the
Saturday Review of Literatur
July 13, 1946, p. 32.

1
Maryland Place Names Have Strange Oddities, Baltimore
Sun
, May 23, 1937, Sect. II, p. 2; Maryland Place Names Have Varied Origins, the same, March 24, 1940; Maryland Place Names, the same, Sept. 8, 1940. Dr. Hermann Collitz printed a note on the meaning of
Baltimore
in the
Johns Hopkins Alumni Magazine
, Jan., 1934, pp. 133–34. See also The Place-Names of Baltimore and Harford Counties, by William B. Marye,
Maryland Historical Magazine
, Dec., 1930, pp. 321–65.

2
An Essay Relating to the Names of Towns in Massachusetts, by W. H. Whitmore; Boston, 1873; The Indian Names of Boston and Their Meaning, by Eben N. Horsford; Cambridge, 1886; Massachusetts Names, by A. E. Winship,
Journal of Education
, Aug. and Sept., 1898, pp. 109–10 and 142–43; Indian Names of Places in Worcester County, by Lincoln N. Kinnicutt; Worcester, 1905, and Dictionary of American Indian Place and Proper Names in New England, by R. A. Douglas-Lithgow; Salem, 1909.

3
The Origin of Massachusetts Place Names of the State, Counties, Cities and Towns; New York, 1941.

4
Father Chrysostom Verwyst, O.S.F., says in Geographical Names in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan Having a Chippewa Origin,
Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin
, Vol. XII, 1892, pp. 390–98, that
Kalamazoo
is a corruption of the Chippewa
ki-kanamoso
, it smokes, or he is troubled with smoke,
i.e.
, in his wigwam. He derives
Michigan
from
michagami
, a large body of water;
Saginaw
from
osaginang
, the place of the Sacs;
Mackinac
from
mikinak
, a turtle, and
Petoskey
from
pitoskig
, between two swamps.

5
William L. Jenks has written upon the county names of Michigan, and there are many short articles on local names in the
Michigan Historical Magazine
.

6
I am told by Mr. E. P. Brown, of Minneapolis, that
Pigs Eye Landing
was the original name of St. Paul, but no citizen of St. Paul has corroborated this.
Pigs Eye
, its eponym, was a half-breed trader whose legal name was Pierre Parrant. Mr. Brown says that
Sleepy Eye
was named after a Sioux chief named
Ishtaba
, meaning sleepy eye.

1
A volume of 735 pp., published by the Minnesota Historical Society in 1920.

2
Minnesota Names Derived From the Dakota Languages; St. Paul, 1884.

3
Minnesota Geographical Names Derived From the Chippewa Language, in annual report of the Minnesota Geological and Natural History Survey, 1886, pp. 451–77.

4
Scandinavian Place-Names in the American Danelaw,
Swedish-American Historical Bulletin
, Aug., 1929, pp. 5–17. See also North Shore Place Names, by William E. Culkin; St. Paul, 1931. A State Geographic Board was set up in 1937.

5
The Origin of Certain Place Names in the State of Mississippi,
Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society
, 1902, pp. 339–49.

6
Choctaw Indian Names in Alabama and Mississippi, by H. S. Halbert, before cited, pp. 64–67.

7
Note on the Origin of
Natchez
, by Henry P. Dart,
Louisiana Historical Quarterly
, Oct., 1931, p. 515. He suggested its derivation from a Caddo Indian term meaning timber-land.

8
Nebraska Place-Names,
University of Nebraska Studies in Language, Literature, and Criticism
, No. 6; Lincoln, 1925. Miss Fitzpatrick took her M.A. under Dr. Pound in 1924, and then proceeded to Cornell for her Ph.D. Unhappily, she died soon afterward.

1
There is a good bibliography in Miss Fitzpatrick’s monograph. A section on Nebraska place-names is in the Nebraska volume of the American Guide Series, prepared by the Federal Writers’ Project.

2
Holt says that in the Iowa town of the same name the
a
is that of
blade
. I am indebted here to Mr. Daniel L. Reardon, of Reno.

3
Geographical Review
, April, 1938, pp. 303–05. He says that it was called
White Mountain
or the
Sugar Loaf
down to 1786 and that its renaming may have followed George Washington’s visit to New England in 1789. The first known map showing
Mount Washington
is one by a German named Sotzmann, published in Hamburg in 1796.

1
Appalachia
, Dec., 1915, pp. 359–90, and June, 1918, pp. 261–68.

2
Magazine of History
, Jan., 1909, pp. 48–50.

3
The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, 1939; reissued by the New Jersey Public Library Commission, 1945. It lists less than 900 names.