America's Fiscal Constitution (92 page)

NOTES

2
. The effective rate is a percentage derived from dividing personal income tax revenues by personal adjusted gross income.

3
. Appendix B, note 3.

4
. For federal funds spending, Appendix C.

I
NDEX

Acheson, Dean,
216
,
226

Adams, Henry,
50

Adams, John

     
death,
87

     
on debt,
41

     
election/presidency,
41

     
on Madison’s presidency,
61

Adams, John Quincy

     
constituents of Congress and,
69–70

     
death,
87

     
habits/personality,
73

     
presidential election,
70

     
slavery opposition,
83
,
84
,
87

     
spending program,
69–70

     
Van Buren and,
69
,
72–75

     
War of 1812 and,
56

Adams, Samuel,
23

Affordable Care Act

     
becoming law,
349

     
funding and,
348–350
,
396

     
mandate on uninsured and,
311

     
state share of Medicaid and,
391

     
taxes and,
396

Afghanistan and Soviet Union,
276
,
375

Afghanistan War (US)

     
costs/financing with debt,
11–12
,
227
,
333
,
337–338
,
376

     
See also
War on Terror

Agriculture

     
in 1920s,
178

     
cooperatives and,
179

     
Farm Bloc,
178–179

     
farmer alliances,
127
,
130–131
,
178

     
growth 1845–1856,
85

     
post–World War II and,
219

     
rail freight prices and,
126
,
127

     
rancher alliances,
126–127

     
subsidies and,
178
,
179
,
332

Ailes, Roger,
282

Al-Qaeda,
331

Aldrich, Nelson

     
central bank and,
150–151

     
Democratic platform (1912),
155

     
fiscal policies,
128
,
136
,
146
,
147
,
150–151
,
170

     
politics,
129–130
,
135
,
136
,
141
,
142

Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908),
150

Allen, John R.,
126–127

Allison, William,
95
,
118
,
136
,
142
,
146

Alternative energy programs,
297

Alternative Minimum Tax,
260
,
322
,
344

American Liberty League,
199
,
200

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009),
347
,
352
,
357

Ames, Fisher,
26

Anderson, John,
282

Anderson, Martin,
281–282
,
297

Anderson, Robert,
238
,
244

“Anti-Nebraska” men/party,
90
,
93
,
94
,
95

Antifederalists/Jacobins,
35
,
41

Arthur, Chester,
121
,
122

Astor, John Jacob,
55

Baby Boomers

     
birth rate/years,
232

     
Medicare and,
4
,
10
,
11
,
13
,
320–321
,
322
,
332
,
335
,
337
,
353
,
358
,
376
,
385–387
,
386
(fig.),
388
,
404

     
Social Security and,
294
,
295
,
320–321
,
322
,
327
,
332
,
341
,
368
,
404

     
workforce and,
246
,
355

Bacon, Ezekiel,
53

Baker, Howard,
284
,
288

Baker, James

     
Reagan and,
281
,
292
,
293
,
294
,
295
,
301

     
Soviet Union and,
304

     
switching jobs with Regan,
301

Balanced Budget Act (1997),
319
,
334–335
,
388

Balkans intervention (1999),
375

Bankruptcy vs. debt,
3

Banks

     
before central bank,
148
,
149–150

     
subtreasury system/proposal,
109
,
149

     
See also
Central bank/banking

Barbé-Marbois, Francois,
47
,
48
,
49

Baring, Alexander,
57

Baring Brothers,
49
,
58

Barnburners,
87
,
88
,
89

Bellamy, Edward,
127

Belmont, Augustus,
107

Benton, Thomas Hart,
78

Bentsen, Lloyd,
310
,
406

Berlin crisis,
165
,
243
,
365

Berlin, Irving,
211

Bernanke, Ben

     
Great Depression and,
187

     
recession of 2008 and,
346
,
350

Berra, Yogi,
328

Biddle, Nicholas,
80

Bill of Rights,
24
,
25
,
26

Billion Dollar Congress,
129–131

Bin Laden, Osama,
331
,
376

Birney, James,
88

Black Hills of South Dakota and Sioux,
115–116

Blue Cross plans,
231
,
384

Boehner, John

     
agreements with Obama (2010),
350
,
351

     
becoming Speaker,
350

     
fiscal policies,
11
,
337
,
351–352

     
Medicare/Medicaid spending and,
351–352

     
recession of 2008 and,
344

Bonaparte, Napoleon

     
financing military campaigns,
47

     
Louisiana Purchase and,
46
,
47
,
48

     
Napoleonic Wars/effects,
44
,
47
,
50–51
,
62
,
76

     
North America and,
45
,
46

Bond elections as reform,
368–369

Borah, William,
178–179

Bowen, Otis,
302

Bowers, Claude,
191

Bowles, Erskine,
318
,
320

Bradley, Bill,
300

Brookings Institution,
171

Brown, Harold,
275

Brownell, Herb,
235

Brownlee, W. Elliot,
221

Bryan, William Jennings

     
background,
132–133
,
171

     
fiscal policies,
136
,
147

     
politics,
133
,
134
,
135
,
145
,
152
,
153–154
,
167

     
speeches/voice,
133
,
153–154

     
Wilson administration,
155
,
160

Buchanan, James

     
Eisenhower’s highway program and,
240

     
Nobel Prize,
241

Buchanan, James (president),
96–97
,
98
,
99–100
.
See also
Panic of 1857

Budget and Accounting Act (1921),
171
,
173
,
307

Budget Control Act (2011),
249
,
352
,
353
,
359–360
,
371
,
376–377
,
377
(fig.)

Budget Enforcement Act (1990),
306–307
,
314
,
332
,
352
,
371

Budget practices reform

     
balanced budget constitutional amendment,
371–372

     
Democratic leaders and,
404–406

     
Fiscal Tradition and,
363–372

     
national bond elections,
368–369

     
practicality of reform,
369–371

     
Republican leaders and,
406–408

     
separate tax-financed federal funds budget,
363–364

     
tax financing debt service/defense,
364–365

     
tax financing of Medicare,
367–368