An Inoffensive Rearmament (39 page)

Hayashi, Senjurō,
114

heitai
(Imperial soldiers): later service in NPR,
99
; new recruits,
122
; self-sacrifice,
116–17
,
118–19
; spirit,
92
,
109
,
111–12
,
116–17
,
119
; toughness,
178
; treatment by officers,
127
; use of term,
121
,
122
.
See also
Imperial Army

Higashikuni, Naruhiko, Prince,
35

Hirohito, Emperor: abdication rumors,
165
; Constitution Day ceremony,
169–70
; constitutional reform and,
39
; Hayashi and,
66
,
114–15
,
120
; MacArthur and,
74
; surrender,
158
.
See also
emperor

Hirota, Kōki,
50

Hokkaidō,
83
,
114
,
123–24
,
134–35

Honna, Fuminori,
91–92

Hoover, Herbert C.,
12

Imai, Takeo,
155

Imoto, Kumao,
63
,
64–65

Imperial Army: demobilization,
56
,
59
; discipline,
178
; “Manchuria Clique,”
62
; misconceptions of strength,
113–14
; as model for NPR,
92–93
; national importance,
122
; noncommissioned officers,
99
,
127
; officers,
127
; spirit,
92
,
109
,
110
,
111–12
,
113–14
,
116
,
119
; strength,
92
; uniforms,
126
; war in China,
52
,
119
,
155
; weapons,
92–93
; Yoshida and,
50
. See also
heitai

imperial family.
See
emperor

Imperial forces, former officers: acceptance into NPR,
105–7
,
117–18
,
130–31
,
148
,
150–51
,
154
,
176
; beggars,
161
; criticism of NPR,
70–71
,
72
,
102
,
152
,
153
,
154
; Diet members,
155–56
; divisions among,
70
,
150–51
; efforts to bring into NPR,
57–58
,
60–65
,
104–6
; excluded from NPR,
29
,
50
,
56–57
,
69
,
100–101
,
102
,
103–4
,
105–6
; influence on occupation,
59
; intelligence activities,
59
; military know-how,
147
; in rightist groups,
148–50
,
151–54
; senior,
148–49
,
150
; views of NPR,
150–51
; war crimes trials,
35
,
148
,
155
; worldview,
147
,
150
,
151–52
.
See also
Japanese Demobilization Bureau
;
purged officers

Imperial General Staff,
57
,
61
,
62
,
117–18
,
155

Imperial Household Agency,
66
,
91
,
114

Imperial Navy,
56
,
59
,
99
,
113
,
122
.
See also
Imperial forces, former officers

Imperial Palace Plaza,
15
,
167
,
169–70

Imperial Rescript of Emperor Meiji,
116–17
,
118–19
,
178

Initial Postsurrender Policy for Japan,
35
,
56–57

Intelligence Section (G-2), GHQ,
28
,
58
,
59
,
63
,
64
,
65
,
69
.
See also
Public Safety Division
;
Willoughby, Charles A.

interpreters,
48
,
60–61
,
85–86
,
93
,
94
,
111–12

Ishiwara, Kanji,
150
,
155–57
,
164

Izeki, Yujirō,
97
,
98
,
104–5

Japan: agriculture,
2
,
3
,
18–19
,
159
; conditions at end of war,
1–4
; food supply system,
2
,
3–4
,
17–18
,
159
,
161
; industries,
2
,
3
,
93
,
161
; life expectancies,
160
; military influence,
147–48
; mutual security pact with United States,
163
,
180–81
; national security threats,
82–83
,
136
,
163
; political failures,
176–77
; population growth,
2
,
160
; rebuilding,
1
,
3
,
5–6
; sovereignty regained,
146
,
158–65
; surrender,
4
,
158
,
160
; trust in authority,
141
; U.S. bases,
41–42
,
166
,
181
.
See also
Diet
;
emperor
;
Imperial forces
;
occupation

Japan Communist Party (Nihon Kyōsantō): acceptance of emperor,
115
; Diet members,
13
,
133
,
166
,
169
; MacArthur's purge of Central Committee,
16
,
17
; May Day demonstrations,
166–69
; members,
130
; opposition to rearmament,
138
; popular support,
4
,
13–14
,
51
; potential infiltration of NPR,
69–70
; publications,
162
; surveillance by Demobilization Bureau,
59

Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF; Jieitai),
42–43
,
169
,
176
,
178
,
181

Japan Socialist Party.
See
Socialist Party

Japanese Commission on the Constitution,
37

Japanese Demobilization Bureau (Nihon Fukuinkyoku),
28
,
59–61
,
62–64
,
65
,
69
,
153

Japanese Supreme Court,
41–42

Jimmu Tennō,
115

Johnson, Louis A.,
13
,
19
,
20

Johnson, Lyndon B.,
xx

Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S.,
8
,
13

JSDF.
See
Japan Self-Defense Forces

Kennedy, John F.,
xix

Kimura, Tokutarō,
137
,
138

Kitamura (interpreter),
111–12
,
130

Knowlton, Charles E.,
30

Kojiki,
115

Konoe, Fumimaro, Prince,
35

Korean War: Chinese strength,
154
; effects in Japan,
7
,
46
,
146
; Japanese support of U.S. military,
7–8
; North Korean victories,
8
,
51–52
,
107–8
; potential use of NPR,
52–54
,
152
; Republic of Korea Headquarters,
21–22
; surprise attack,
20
; U.S. deployments from Japan,
9
,
21
,
23
,
30–31
,
82
,
83
; U.S. units,
8
,
9
; Yoshida on,
1
,
4
,
51–52
,
55
,
144

Kowalski, Frank, Jr.: assignments in Japan,
xviii
,
21
,
22–23
,
29–30
; as CASA chief of staff,
23
,
73–74
,
75–77
; childhood and family,
xiv–xv
; children,
xvii
,
xviii
,
xxii
; death,
xxii
; education,
xiv–xvi
; health,
xvii–xviii
,
xxi–xxii
; inspection tours,
94–95
,
114
,
134–35
; interest in Japan,
xx–xxi
; inventions,
xxi
; marriage,
xvi
; military career,
xv–xix
; political career,
xix
,
xx–xxi
,
159–60
; political views,
xx

Kowalski, Helene Amelia Bober,
xvi
,
xxi
,
xxii

Kurushima, Tsuneki,
149

labor unions,
166
,
169
,
175–76

land reform,
6

language issues,
93–95
,
98
,
99
.
See also
interpreters

Liberal Party (Jiyūtō),
13
,
136
,
162

loyalty,
116–17

MAAG.
See
Military Advisory Assistance Group

MacArthur, Douglas: accomplishments,
5
; Asian defense plan,
20
; chief of staff,
74–75
; inaccessibility,
74–75
; on Japan Communist Party,
13–14
; Japanese constitution and,
34
,
35–39
,
40–41
,
142
,
165
,
172
; Japanese view of,
xx–xxi
,
18–19
; Korean War,
8–9
,
22
,
51
; letters,
25
; life in Japan,
18
; National Police Reserve and,
25–27
,
31
,
41
,
174–75
; on occupation,
6–7
; on peace treaty,
12
,
162
; police force expansion,
25–27
; rearmament order,
10
; relations with troops,
18
; relieved of command by Truman,
78
,
147
; Whitney and,
28
,
74
; Willoughby and,
28
,
58
,
74
.
See also
supreme commander for Allied powers

Mainichi Shimbun,
37
,
38
,
141
,
142

Makino, Nobuaki, Count,
49

Manchukuo, army of,
100–101

“Manchuria Clique,”
62

Mao Tse-tung,
12
,
145

Maritime Safety Board, police forces,
26

Marquat, William F.,
74

Masuda, Kaneshichi,
162

Masuhara, Keikichi: appointment,
84
; criticism of,
71
; Hayashi and,
67
,
72
,
97–98
; headquarters staff,
87–88
,
90
; inspection tours,
134–35
; NPR organization and,
86–87
; officer appointments,
100–101
,
104
; peace treaty commemoration,
164–65
; personality,
84–85
; on rearmament,
143
; relations with Americans,
86
,
109
; on spirit of soldiers,
109
; uniform designs,
125–27
; weapons plans,
134–35

Matsumoto, Jōji,
36–38
,
39
,
41

May Day demonstrations,
166–69

Meiji, Emperor: birthday,
40
; Imperial Rescript,
116–17
,
118–19
,
178

Meiji constitution,
37
,
39
,
115

Meiji Restoration,
49
,
164

Miki, Takeo,
162

militarists:
bushidō
and,
113
; excluded from NPR,
50
; ideology,
116–17
; in postwar period,
148–57
; preventing resurgence,
87
; support of rearmament,
54
; during war,
54–55
.
See also
Imperial forces, former officers
;
nationalist organizations
;
purge

Military Advisory Assistance Group (MAAG): Kowalski as acting chief,
87
; officers,
29–30
; potential leadership of NPR,
98
; relations with civilian leaders of NPR,
84–85
,
86
,
88
,
103
,
125
,
126
,
164
; training role,
99
.
See also
Civil Affairs Section Annex
;
Shepard, Whitfield P.

military spirit. See
seishin kyōiku

Murphy, Robert D.,
158

mutual security pact,
163
,
180–81