Atlantis and the Silver City (39 page)

*The rest of the Dialogue of Critias has been lost.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

CHAPTER TWO

1
.   
Fingerprints of the Gods
by Graham Hancock: William Heinemann, 1995.

2
.    There is confusion about the exact dates of Plato’s life. Wikipedia gives 424/423 to 348/347.

CHAPTER THREE

3
.   
The Antediluvian World
, by Ignatius Donnelly: reprinted by Echo Library, 2006.

4
.    Books on Atlantis by Charles Berlitz are
The Mystery of Atlantis
: Souvenir Press, 1976, and
Atlantis, the Lost Continent
: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1984.

5
.   
Discovery of Atlantis
, by Robert Sarmast: First Source Publications, 2006.

6
.   
U.S. Geological Survey of Mid-Atlantic Ridge
, by Charles S. Piggot, 1936.

7
.   
The Sunken Kingdom
, by Peter James: Pimlico, 1996.

8
.   
The Atlantis Blueprint
, by Rand Flem Ath and Colin Wilson: Little, Brown and Co., 2000.

9
.    Dr. Sunil Prasannan’s article appeared on Graham Hancock’s web site. Professor Arysio Santos’s book,
Atlantis: The Lost Continent Finally Found
, broadly advances the same theory: Atlantis Publications, 2011.

10
.  BBC News web site, 19 January 2002.
Underworld. Flooded Kingdoms of the Ice Age
, by Graham Hancock: Michael Joseph, 2002. There is also an excellent article detailing the amount of research on the site on the Graham Hancock web site, headed “Gulf of Cambay, Cradle of Ancient Civilisation.”

11
. 
Underworld, Flooded Kingdoms of the Ice Age
, by Graham Hancock: Michael Joseph, 2002.

12
. 
Gateway to Atlantis
, by Andrew Collins: Headline Publishing, 2000.

13
. 
Edgar Cayce’s Atlantis
, by Drs. Greg and Lora Little and John Van Auken: ARE Press, 2006.

CHAPTER FOUR

14
.  BBC Home web site. Edited guide entry. “The Great Earthquake 1755.”

15
.  BBC News web site, August 15, 2005.
Nature
magazine, July 22, 2005. Survey by Dr. Marc Andre Gutscher.

16
.  Ibid.

CHAPTER SIX

17
. 
The Siege and Conquest of Silves in 1189
, by Jonathan Wilson: Mesquita Press, 2009.

18
.  The first Roman invasion of the Iberian Peninsula occurred in 219
B.C.
Wikipedia, “The History of Portugal.”

19
.  Wikipedia, Viriathus (Viriato in Portuguese).

20
.  The city of Pax Julia was so named by Julius Caesar in 48
B.C.
after peace was made with the local Lusitanian tribes. The ruins are very close to the modern town of Beja.

21
. 
The Holy Kingdom
, by Adrian Gilbert, Alan Wilson, and Baram Blackett: Bantam, 1998.

22
. 
Atlantis in Andalucia
, by E. M. Wishaw: republished by Adventures Unlimited Press, 1997.

23
.  Ibid.

24
.  Ibid.

25
.  The original information came from the Greek historian Herodotus. He wrote that Kolaios reached the capital of Arganthonius after two days’ sailing from Gades (Cádiz). This is evidence that the capital could not have been as close as Huelva, or elsewhere in the general area, which is currently accepted by historians for Tartessos. Two days’ sailing would have taken him much farther, well along the Algarve coast.

26
.  Strabo (The Geographer) lived from 64
B.C.
to
A.D.
24. He is most famous for his seventeen-volume work
Geographica
, in which he gives much information about southwest Iberia.

27
. 
Atlantis in Spain
, by E. M. Wishaw: republished by Adventures Unlimited Press, 1997.

28
.  Wikipedia. Rameses III is thought to have reigned from 1186 to 1155
B.C.
The Sea Peoples invaded in year eight of his reign.

29
. 
Atlantis in Spain
, by E. M. Wishaw: republished by Adventures Unlimited Press, 1997.

30
.  Ibid.

CHAPTER SEVEN

31
. 
Gateway to Atlantis
, by Andrew Collins: Headline Book Publishing, 2000.

32
. 
www.atlantisquest.com
, the web site of Cedric Leonard.

33
.  Harold T. Wilkins was a Cambridge-educated journalist and author, 1891–1960.

CHAPTER EIGHT

34
. 
The Greek Lexicon
, by Liddle and Scott. There are many editions.

35
.  This mistranslation in the recognized English versions is confirmed by Chalcidius’s early translation into Latin.

36
.  Wikipedia.

37
.  “The deluged civilization of the Caucasus,” by Reginald Fessenden (1866–1932). Published in
www.radiocom.net/Deluge/Deluge1-6.htm

38
.  Wikipedia. Universidad Computers de Madrid, Geology of the Iberian Peninsula.

39
.  Web site: “Plato’s Atlantis was a River Delta,” by Dr. Ulf Richter, Germany.

40
.  A detailed study of the use of the word “pelagos” in Plato’s era by Georgeos Diaz-Montexano established that it was always associated with “Salt marshes, lagoons, seas of low bottoms with stumbling blocks or Islands.” Later, the Greeks used the word to mean “Open sea, high sea, or deep sea,” which is what you will find in standard dictionaries of ancient Greek. Interestingly, another earlier use of the word was for a “flooded plain.” That could not be more apt for the area in front of southwest Iberia (George Liddle, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, and Roderick Mckenzie). Chalcidius, who attended Plato’s academy, completed the very first translation into Latin and used the “Fretum” for pelagos. This means salt marshes, etc. Much later, Marcilio Ficino used the same word in his translation into Latin.

41
.  “The ocean beyond the Pillars” in the geographer Scylax’s
Periplus
, thought to date from the fourth century
B.C.

42
.  The Phoenician Himlico was the first known sailor to reach the northwest shores of Europe. The oldest recorded source for his voyage is in
Natural History
, by the Roman Pliny the Elder (
A
.
D
. 23–79).

43
.  Pliny the Younger (
A
.
D
. 61–113).

44
.  Plutarch (
A
.
D
. 46–120).

45
. 
Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings
, by Charles H. Hapgood: republished by Adventures Unlimited Press, 1996.

46
.  The philosopher Chalcidius had been a student in Plato’s academy. In 321
B.C.
, he translated
Timaeus
into Latin.

47
. 
http://www.georgeosdiazmontexano.com
. He has several other web sites, some only in Spanish.

48
.  Jonas Bergman, an Atlantologist from Uppsala in Sweden, has an excellent web site in which he strives to identify Atlantis with Morocco.

49
.  Eberhard Zangger, a Swiss geoarchaeologist who has written several books on ancient civilizations. While working for Cambridge University in 1989, he advanced the theory that Troy was Atlantis.

CHAPTER NINE

50
.  Herodotus was shown the statues in the Temple of Thebes. It is detailed in Book 11 of his
History
.

51
.  The best analysis can be found on
www.atlantisquest.com

52
.  Wikipedia, under “Tumbago.”

CHAPTER TEN

53
.  Wikipedia, under “Younger Dryas.”

54
. 
www.atlantisquest.com
/taming

55
.  Ibid.

56
. 
New Scientist
magazine, January 3, 1985.

57
. 
The Algarve Tiger
, by Siobhan Mitchell and Edwardo Goncalves: Vista Iberics Publicacoes, 2001.

CHAPTER TWELVE

58
. 
Atlantis in Spain
, by E. M. Wishaw: republished by Adventures Unlimited Press, 1997.

59
.  Ibid.

60
.  Ibid.

61
. 
The Atlantis Effect
, by Dr. Roger Coghill: Ker Menez, Lower Race, Pontypool, UK.

62
. 
Algarve Goodlife
magazine, February 2003.

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

63
.  Dr. Frank C. Hibben was a professor of archaeology at the University of New Mexico. He visited Alaska in 1941, and the results were published in his book
The Lost Americans
: Apollo Editions, 1961.

64
. 
www.atlantisquest.com

65
.  Ibid.

66
.  The Tunguska explosion. NASA Science News web site. science@NASAnews, 2008.

67
. 
The Atlantis Blueprint
, by Rand Flem Ath and Colin Wilson: Little, Brown and Company, 2000.

68
. 
Underworld, Flooded Kingdoms of The Ice Age
, by Graham Hancock: Penguin, 2003.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

69
.  Discovered at Largo Velho, Muges, in Portugal. Dated to the Mesolithic period.

70
.  Heyerdahl organized several investigations between 1991 and 1998 by teams of archaeologists who eventually contradicted his views. They thought the step pyramids were constructed by Spanish farmers using the rocks they were clearing from the fields. Heyerdahl pointed out that this did not account for the east-west astronomical alignment, the shaped corner stones, staircases, and flat platforms on the tops. The area containing the pyramids is now an ethnographic park devoted to Thor Heyerdahl and his beliefs.

71
.  From
Marvelous Things Heard
, one of several books that are attributed to Pseudo-Aristotle authors.

72
. 
volcanoline.com/madeira.
The last volcanic eruptions were in the west-central part of Madeira; they created cinder cones and lava flows.

73
. 
The Atlantis Effect
, by Dr. Roger Coghill: Ker Menez, Lower Race, Pontypool, UK.

74
. 
Edgar Cayce’s Atlantis
, by Drs. Greg and Lora Little and John Van Auken: ARE Press, 2006.

75
.  Ibid.

76
. 
Underworld, Flooded Kingdoms of The Ice Age
, by Graham Hancock: Penguin, 2003.