Being Nixon: A Man Divided (63 page)

Archives and Collections

BU Boston University

CSF Cal State/Fullerton

DU Drew University

HL Hoover Library

HU Harvard University

JL Johnson Library

LOC Library of Congress

NL Nixon Library

NSF National Security Files

PDD President’s Daily Diary

PPP Pre-presidential Papers

PPF President’s Personal Files

POF President’s Office Files

SMOF Staff Member and Office Files

NT Nixon tapes (National Archives)
*

PPP Public Papers of the Presidents

PC Providence College

PU Princeton University

RA Rockefeller Archives

WC Whittier College

USC University of Southern California

UT University of Texas

UU University of Utah

VHS Virginia Historical Society

Introduction: The Fatalistic Optimist

1.
Feeney,
Nixon at the Movies
, p. 278.

2.
Safire,
Before the Fall
, p. 805.

3.
RN notes, September 7, 1969, PPF, NL.

4.
Robin West interview. It should be noted that Andrew Wyeth’s wife, Betsy, thought Nixon was “ruggedly handsome.” Jack Carley interview. Stories about Nixon’s maladroitness are legion, particularly among his detractors. According to Arthur Schlesinger Jr., when Nixon saw Jackie Kennedy at Martin Luther King’s funeral, he said, “This must bring back many memories, Mrs. Kennedy.” Coming out of Notre Dame after the funeral of Charles de Gaulle
(whom he greatly admired), Nixon reportedly exclaimed, “This is a great day for France.” Schlesinger,
Journals, 1952–2000
, p. 683.

5.
Brent Scowcroft interview.

6.
Gregg Petersmeyer interview.

7.
Eisenhower,
Pat Nixon
, p. 346.

8.
See Small,
Presidency of Richard Nixon
, p. 153; Greenberg,
Nixon’s Shadow
, p. 304. Nixon could be cynical about voters, calling them “suckers.” Conversation 719-4, 9:06
A.M
., May 4, 1972, NT. See also RN to H. R. Haldeman, January 25, 1969, SMOF, NL, urging wide dissemination of presidential remarks because Americans are “really suckers for this kind of commentary and follow it like sheep.”

9.
Conversation 536-16, 10:41
A.M
., July 3, 1971, NT.

Part One: The Striver

Chapter 1: Lives of Great Men Remind Us

1.
Virgil,
Aeneid
(Patrick Dickinson, trans.), 64; Stassinopoulos,
Gods of Greece
, p. 12.

2.
RN
, p. 14; Nixon/Gannon interviews. See
www.libs/uga.edu/media/collections/Nixon/index.xhtmll
.

3.
Kornitzer,
Real Nixon
, p. 56.

4.
Brodie,
Richard Nixon
, p. 116; Albert Upton oral history, WC.

5.
1930
Cardinal and White
(Whittier High School yearbook), WC.

6.
Aitken,
Nixon: A Life
, pp. 59–60; Spalding,
Nixon Nobody Knew
, pp. 91–2; Ola Florence Welch interview in Brodie papers, UU.

7.
Haldeman,
Ends of Power
, p. 104.

8.
Strober and Strober,
Nixon Presidency
, pp. 48–50.

9.
White,
Breach of Faith
, p. 252.

10.
Nixon/Gannon interview.

11.
Schulte, ed.,
Young Nixon
, p. 78; Mary Skidmore oral history, CSF; Roger Morris,
Richard Milhous Nixon
, p. 91.

12.
Hannah Nixon interview in Kornitzer papers, DU.

13.
Olive Marshburn to Bela Kornitzer, July 12, 1959, Kornitzer papers, DU.

14.
Edward Nixon interview.

15.
Roger Morris, pp. 77, 85, 87; Jackson, “Young Nixon,”
Life
, June 6, 1970.

16.
Roger Morris, p. 84;
RN
, p. 10.

17.
Nixon/Gannon interview.

18.
RN
, p. 7.

19.
Roger Morris, p. 95.

20.
Nixon/Gannon interview; Joe Dmohowski, “From a Common Ground: The Quaker Heritage of Jessamyn West and Richard Nixon,”
California History
, Fall 1994, p. 222; Aitken, p. 60.

21.
RN interview, March 25, 1959, Kornitzer papers, DU.

22.
Floyd Wildermuth oral history, CSF.

23.
Jessamyn West interview in Brodie papers, UU; Jessamyn West oral history, WC.

24.
Hadley Marshburn oral history, CSF.

25.
Jessamyn West oral history, WC.

26.
Ambrose,
Nixon: Ruin and Recovery
, p. 388.

27.
Gardner, “Fighting Quaker,” p. 28 (unpublished manuscript, WC).

28.
Edward Nixon interview; Lucille Parsons oral history, CSF.

29.
RN
, p. 6; Edward Nixon interview.

30.
Lawrene Nixon Afinson oral history, WC.

31.
Sheldon Beeson oral history, CSF.

32.
Julie Eisenhower oral history, WC.

33.
Gardner, p. 25.

34.
Roger Morris, p. 61.

35.
Kevin Starr interview. There is a contradiction between the inward Quakerism of Nixon’s mother and the evangelism of his father. See Dmohowski, “From a Common Ground”; Edith Jessup Comfort oral history, WC; Rev. Charles Ball, Eugene Coffin, Paul Smith oral histories, CSF.

36.
Hubert Perry interview; Alsop,
Nixon and Rockefeller
, p. 131.

37.
Dean Triggs oral history, CSF.

38.
Stewart Alsop, p. 131.

39.
William Brock oral history, WC; Herman Fink oral history, CSF.

40.
RN
, p. 17.

41.
Hubert Perry interview; Wallace Newman oral history, WC.

42.
RN
, pp. 19–20.

43.
Paul Smith oral history, CSF.

44.
“School Papers,” PPP, NL.

45.
Nixon/Gannon interview.

46.
Jessamyn West interview in Brodie papers, UU.

47.
Dmohowski, p. 223.

48.
Roger Morris, p. 147.

49.
Hubert Perry oral history, CSF.

50.
Kornitzer, p. 100; Helen Larson to Bela Kornitzer, March 17, 1959, Kornitzer papers, DU.

51.
Gardner, p. 71.

52.
RN
, pp. 18–9; Roger Morris, pp. 150–6; Thomas Bewley oral history, WC.

53.
Ola Florence Welch interview in Brodie papers, UU.

54.
Aitken, pp. 60–2; Ola Florence Welch interview in Aitken papers, NL.

55.
Jackson, “Young Nixon”; Ola Florence Welch to Fawn Brodie, UU; Brodie, p. 123.

56.
RN, “What Can I Believe,” October 9, 1933, “School papers,” PPP, NL.

57.
Edward Nixon interview.

58.
Aitken, p. 28.

Chapter 2: Pat and Dick

1.
Maynard,
Princeton
, p. 72.

2.
RN
, p. 20; Aitken, pp. 66–8; Spalding, p. 99.

3.
Aitken, pp. 63–5; Gail Jobe and Ola Florence Welch interviews with Lael Morgan, CSF.

4.
Lyman Brownfield interview in Kornitzer papers, DU.

5.
Stewart Alsop, p. 235; Lyman Brownfield oral history, Joseph Hiatt oral history, WC.

6.
Aitken, p. 76.

7.
RN
, p. 21.

8.
Gellman,
Contender
, p. 8.

9.
Thomas Bewley oral history, WC.

10.
Stewart Alsop, p. 195.

11.
Judith Wingert Loubet oral history, CSF.

12.
Morris, p. 186.

13.
Joe Dmohowski interview.

14.
Kevin Starr interview.

15.
Robert Blake interview.

16.
Eisenhower, pp. 42–3.

17.
Eisenhower, p. 55;
RN
, p. 23; Elizabeth Cloes oral history, WC.

18.
Ibid. pp. 63, 58–9, 21, 58, 66, 68.

19.
Ibid., p. 69;
RN
, p. 25.

20.
Eisenhower, p. 77.

21.
RN
, p. 27.

22.
Black,
Richard M. Nixon
, pp. 60–1; Hollis Dole oral history, Carl Fleps oral history, WC.

23.
Kornitzer, pp. 146–7; James Udell interview in Kornitzer papers, DU.

24.
Swift,
Pat and Dick
, p. 56.

25.
Eisenhower, p. 83.

26.
Ibid., p. 79.

27.
Wills,
Nixon Agonistes
, p. 32.

28.
Eisenhower, p. 85.

29.
Ibid., pp. 84–6;
RN
, pp. 33–4.

30.
RN
, p. 37.

31.
Gellman,
Contender
, p. 32; Roy Day oral history, WC.

32.
White,
Breach of Faith
, pp. 53–6.

33.
Klein,
Making It Perfectly Clear
, p. 266.

34.
Lou Cannon oral history, NL.

35.
Wills,
Nixon Agonistes
, p. 72.

36.
Kornitzer, p. 184.

37.
Morris, p. 292; Gellman,
Contender
, p. 37.

38.
Halberstam,
Powers That Be
, pp. 118, 256–7.

39.
Gellman,
Contender
, p. 33.

40.
Brodie, p. 234.

41.
Eisenhower, p. 92.

42.
Brodie, p. 179; Tom Dixon and Georgia Sherwood interviews in Brodie papers, UU.

43.
Aitken, pp. 122–5.

44.
Gellman,
Contender
, p. 88.

45.
RN
, p. 39; Gellman,
Contender
, pp. 70–1.

46.
Halberstam, p. 259.

47.
RN
, p. 40.

Chapter 3: The Greenest Congressman

1.
Eisenhower, p. 95.

2.
See Brinkley,
Washington Goes to War
.

3.
Gibbs and Duffy,
Presidents Club
, p. 295.

4.
RN
, pp. 42–3.

5.
Time
, August 17, 1953, April 27, 1959; Noble, “Christian Herter,” in
The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy
, p. ix.

6.
Eisenhower, p. 94.

7.
RN
, p. 48.

8.
Time
, August 17, 1953.

9.
Aitken, p. 136.

10.
RN
, pp. 50–1.

11.
Black, p. 101.

12.
RN
, p. 51.

13.
Eisenhower, pp. 97–8.

14.
See John Erman, “A Half Century of Controversy: The Alger Hiss Case,”
Studies in Intelligence
, Winter–Spring 2000–2001, pp. 1–14; Haynes, Klehr, and Vassiliev,
Spies
, ch. 1.

15.
Roger Morris, p. 347.

16.
Black, p. 98.

17.
Gellman,
Contender
, pp. 107, 227.

18.
Six Crises
, pp. 3–7.

19.
Washington Post
, August 5, 6, 1948.

20.
Six Crises
, pp. 9–11.

21.
Aitken, p. 155; Gellman,
Contender
, pp. 222–3.

22.
Six Crises
, p. 31.

23.
Aitken, pp. 165, 154.

24.
Six Crises
, pp. 15, 21.

25.
Black, p. 124; Irwin Gellman interview.

26.
Halberstam, pp. 259–60.

27.
Chambers,
Witness
, pp. 792–3. Best account of Hiss case is Tanenhaus,
Whittaker Chambers
, pp. 203–335.

28.
Six Crises
, pp. 16–7, 23.

29.
Eisenhower, p. 100.

30.
See, for example, Abrahamsen,
Nixon v. Nixon;
Mazlish,
In Search of Nixon;
and Volkan, Itzkowitz, and Dod,
Richard Nixon
.

31.
Six Crises
, p. 41.