Being Nixon: A Man Divided (71 page)

18.
Small,
Presidency
, p. 284; Haig, p. 392.

19.
Ibid., pp. 392–408; Jonathan Moore oral history, NL; Richard Ben-Veniste interview.

20.
Emery, p. 399; Richard Darman diary, January 14, 1998, Richard Darman papers.

21.
Haig, p. 396.

22.
White,
Breach of Faith
, p. 267; Strober and Strober, p. 434.

23.
Aitken, p. 509.

24.
Haig, p. 408.

25.
RN
, p. 937.

26.
Charles Wardell interview.

27.
RN
, pp. 937–42; Haig, pp. 416–9; Brent Scowcroft interview. See Henry Kissinger to King Faisal, October 14, 1973, NSF, NL.

28.
Isaacson, pp. 528–32; Dallek,
Nixon and Kissinger
, pp. 529–31.

29.
Brent Scowcroft interview; “I would urge you to keep any Walter Mitty streak under control,” Henry Kissinger–Alexander Haig telcon, October 6, 1973, 12:45
P.M., NSF, NL
.

30.
Dallek,
Nixon and Kissinger
, p. 524. “The crazy bastard really made a mess with the Russians,” Kissinger told Haig the day after the alert. Kissinger-Haig telcon, October 26, 1973, 7:55
P.M., NSF, NL
.

31.
“Rose Mary’s Boo Boo,”
Newsweek
, December 10, 1973.

32.
Alexander Haig oral history, NL.

33.
Dean,
Nixon Defense
, pp. 19–21, 656–9, 667; James Robenalt, “Truth in a Lie: Forty Years After the 18½ Minute Gap,” May 11, 2014, washington
decoded.com
.

34.
RN
, p. 957. Compare Nixon’s November 7, 1962, concession speech with his November 17, 1973, “I am not a crook” press conference at
youtube.com
. By January 1, 2014, the latter had been viewed almost 600,000 times.

35.
Eisenhower, p. 392.

36.
RN
, pp. 963–4.

37.
Ibid., p. 968.

38.
Eisenhower, p. 396.

39.
Ibid., pp. 395–6.

40.
RN
, p. 971.

41.
Colson, p. 197. See Joulwan to Haig, December 30, 1973, Haig papers, LOC. Haig was determined to keep total control over the White House staff. When his top aide, Gen. George Joulwan suggested that Haig adopt a lower profile by no longer having his phone answered, “General Haig’s office,” Haig checked the box marked “disapprove.” Joulwan to Haig, November 29, 1973, Haig papers, LOC.

42.
Kenneth Thompson, ed.,
Nixon Presidency
, p. 21.

43.
Fred Malek oral history, NL. See John K. Andrews to RN, December 13, 1973, SMOF, NL (“…then Watergate and more Watergate, with no rallying from the boss. This has already cost you a lot of good troops, and the hemorrhaging will only worsen unless some bracing leadership is exerted.”).

44.
Riland diary, December 18, 1973, January 24, 1974, RA.

45.
Halberstam, pp. 693–4.

46.
Eisenhower, p. 404; Gwendolyn King oral history, NL; Helen McCain Smith, “Ordeal! Pat’s Final Days in the White House,”
Good Housekeeping
, July 1976.

47.
Haig, p. 447;
RN
, p. 968.

48.
Geoff Shepard interview.

49.
RN
, p. 968.

50.
Ibid., p. 976.

Chapter 28: “I Hope I Haven’t Let You Down”

1.
Aikman,
Billy Graham
, p. 217.

2.
RN
, pp. 996–7; Ambrose,
Nixon: Ruin and Recovery
, pp. 336–7.

3.
Strober and Strober, p. 44.

4.
Henry Kissinger interview; George Shultz interview.

5.
Eisenhower, p. 409.

6.
Stuart, p. 88.

7.
RN
, p. 996.

8.
Eisenhower, p. 407.

9.
Hoff, pp. 137–8.

10.
William Timmons interview.

11.
Paul O’Neill interview. From the records at the Nixon Library, it appears that Nixon virtually stopped writing memos to staff in 1974.

12.
Ambrose,
Nixon: Ruin and Recovery
, p. 352.

13.
“It’s Super K,”
Newsweek
, June 10, 1974.

14.
RN
, p. 1010.

15.
Nixon/Gannon interview.

16.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, p. 1126.

17.
Nixon/Gannon interview.

18.
Donald Rumsfeld interview.

19.
Ambrose,
Nixon: Ruin and Recovery
, p. 369.

20.
RN
, p. 1027; Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, pp. 1163–4.

21.
RN
, p. 1036.

22.
Ibid., pp. 1045–6; Nixon/Gannon interview.

23.
Small,
Presidency
, pp. 247–52.

24.
RN
, p. 1050.

25.
Haig, p. 471.

26.
Nixon had pressured Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur Burns to heat up the economy. See RN to Arthur Burns, November 4, 1971, SMOF, NL (in Haldeman files, Box 230). The severe 1973–4 recession contributed greatly to Nixon’s downfall.

27.
RN
, p. 1051.

28.
Geoff Shepard interview.

29.
Alexander Haig interview, September 10, 1974, Woodward and Bernstein papers, UT.

30.
RN
, pp. 1052–3.

31.
Ibid., pp. 288, 1046, 1056.

32.
Ibid., p. 1057; Haig, pp. 476–7.

33.
Charles Wardell comments, draft of
Breach of Faith
, Theodore White papers, HU.

34.
Joseph Alsop interview, February 11, 1975, Woodward and Bernstein papers, UT.

35.
Alexander Haig oral history, NL.

36.
Haig, p. 478;
RN
, p. 1057.

37.
Eisenhower, pp. 417–8.

38.
Ibid., 418–20;
RN
, 1059–61.

39.
Safire, p. 856.

40.
RN
, pp. 1063–4; Eisenhower, p. 421.

41.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, pp. 1203–4.

42.
Ambrose,
Nixon: Ruin and Recovery
, p. 418.

43.
Brent Scowcroft interview.

44.
RN
, p. 1071.

45.
Ibid., p. 1073.

46.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, p. 1206.

47.
David Bruce diary, October 25, 1973, August 8, 1974, Bruce papers, VHS.

48.
Patrick Moynihan diary, August 9, 1974, Moynihan papers, LOC.

49.
RN
, pp. 1074–5; Eisenhower, p. 424.

50.
RN
, pp. 1976–7; Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, pp. 1207–10; Isaacson, pp. 597–601; Aitken, p. 520, Woodward and Bernstein,
Final Days
, p. 423.

51.
RN
, p. 1079.

52.
Ambrose,
Nixon: Ruin and Recovery
, p. 434; Christie Brown interview.

53.
RN
, p. 1085.

Chapter 29: “Richard! Wake Up!”

1.
RN
, p. 1072; anonymous source.

2.
RN
, pp. 1086–90.

3.
Steve Bull interview.

4.
Ibid., p. 1090.

5.
Aitken, p. 525.

6.
Ambrose,
Nixon: Ruin and Recovery
, p. 453.

7.
Werth,
31 Days
, pp. 296–311; “Benton Becker—The Pardon of Richard Nixon—03/10/10,” on
youtube.com
.

8.
Thomas, “The 38th President: More than Meets the Eye,”
Newsweek
, March 13, 2010; Werth, p. 204; Hartmann,
Palace Politics
, p. 135; Richard Norton Smith interview.

9.
Anson,
Exile
, pp. 66–7.

10.
Eisenhower, pp. 434–5.

11.
Lungren,
Healing Richard Nixon
, pp. 87–8.

12.
Ibid., pp. 88–9.

13.
Jack Brennan interview; Van Natta, pp. 225–48.

14.
Eisenhower, pp. 432, 442.

15.
Ibid., pp. 446–50.

16.
Ken Khachigian interview.

17.
Anonymous source.

18.
Aitken, pp. 439–40.

19.
Frost, pp. 37, 76–7.

20.
Ibid., pp. 122–3; Jack Brennan and Ken Khachigian interviews.

21.
Ibid., pp. 136, 125.

22.
Brent Scowcroft interview.

23.
Anson, p. 180.

24.
Frank Gannon interview in Aitken papers, NL.

25.
Frank Gannon interview.

26.
“RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon,”
New York Times
, May 6, 1978.

27.
Jack Brennan interview, Ambrose,
Nixon: Ruin and Recovery
, p. 489; Anson, p. 194; Aitken, pp. 545–50.

28.
Anson, p. 185.

29.
Jack Brennan interview; Anson, p. 214.

30.
Eisenhower, p. 458.

31.
Michael Kramer interview.

32.
Greenberg, p. 286.

33.
Michael Kramer interview.

34.
Kenneth Thompson, ed.,
Nixon Presidency
, pp. 307–8.

35.
T. H. White to John F. Kennedy, October 11, 1961; T. H. White to RN, October 14, 1983, White papers, HU.

36.
Stone,
Nixon’s Secrets
, pp. 585–6.

37.
Aitken, p. 560; Anson, pp. 263–4.

38.
Edward Cox speech.

39.
Garment, p. 299.

40.
Darrell Trent, Brook Byers interviews.

Chapter 30: Elder Statesman

1.
Brent Scowcroft interview.

2.
Anson, p. 184.

3.
Gibbs and Duffy, p. 357.

4.
RN to William Clark, January 14, 1982; RN to Ronald Reagan, November 1, 1982, Aitken papers, NL.

5.
Werth, p. 4.

6.
Reagan,
My Turn
, p. 258; Gibbs and Duffy, pp. 362–5.

7.
Anonymous source.

8.
Bush,
All the Best
, p. 179.

9.
Jon Meacham interview.

10.
Gibbs and Duffy, p. 383.

11.
Kenneth Thompson, ed.,
Nixon Presidency
, p. 14.

12.
Crowley,
Nixon Off the Record
, pp. 74, 141.

13.
Ibid., pp. 167–8.

14.
Gibbs and Duffy, p. 429.

15.
Ibid., pp. 417–8.

16.
Crowley,
Nixon in Winter
, pp. 390, 393.

17.
Heidi Retter interview.

18.
Crowley,
Nixon in Winter
, p. 366.

19.
The description of Pat’s funeral comes from “The Last Nixon Experience,” a private memoir of the Nixons’ funerals by Jack Carley.

20.
Heidi Retter interview.

21.
Eulogies are in Nixon,
Beyond Peace
, pp. 3–16.

Epilogue: Rise Again

1.
Price, pp. 29–30.

2.
Perlstein,
Nixonland
, p. 45; Block,
Herblock: Special Report
.

3.
Anonymous source.

4.
Roberts,
Napoleon
, p. xxxi.

5.
Riland diary, December 12, 1973, RA.

6.
John Carley interview.

7.
Brent Scowcroft interview.

8.
Nixon/Gannon interview.

9.
Edward Cox speech.