Berlin Games (51 page)

‘
He let his full anti-Semitism slip in a letter to Brundage on 27 May
': ABC Box 29.

‘
Brundage replied calmly to Kirby's spirited letter
': ibid.

‘
the Grafton Athletic Club in London was considering not allowing its athletes
': Elvin papers, LSE. Much of the material concerning the English boycott movement, the BWSA and the Barcelona Olympiad is contained in this collection.

‘…
the BOA held on 19 May at the Dorchester Hotel
': TT, 20 May 1936.

‘
In the magazine
World Sports
, Lord Aberdare informed readers
': CIO JO 1936S CNO.

‘…
Indeed, their invitation to the AAU in the United States was sent out only on 22 June
': ABC Box 238.

‘
For British organisations such as the British Workers' Sports Association
': See Elvin Papers, LSE.

‘
On 17 June, Sir Eric Phipps wrote to the British Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden
': CAC Phipps Collection 1/17.

‘
Hitler has never meant business in our sense of the word
': CAC Vansittart Collection 2/26.

‘
Sir Robert Vansittart, who had decided to come to the Games
': CAC Phipps Collection 2/18.

‘
During the Winter Games, Lewald told Coubertin
': CIO JO 1936S COJO (Notice 0083818).

‘
On 25 May, Lewald wrote to Coubertin at his house in Geneva
': ibid.

‘
At the end of June, Lewald curtly informed Coubertin that his idea of giving a short address
': ibid.

CHAPTER SIX

‘
Iberian Interlude
': See Elvin Papers, LSE.

CHAPTER SEVEN

‘
Before the team disembarked the following morning, Avery Brundage made a speech
': ABC Box 248.

‘
The London correspondent of the
Manchester Guardian
was withering
': TMG, 27 July 1936.

‘
Outside the station, a chocolate seller had been monitoring their arrival
': ibid., 30 July 1936.

‘
One of them succinctly summed up the state of Germany
': LHA CP/ORG/MISC/6/5.

‘
On the Bismarckstrasse in Berlin, one Jewish woman refused to hang up any flags
': LMA ACC/3121/C/11/012/024.

‘
Lewald, who welcomed the British as “the finest team that Great Britain has ever had
” ': TMG, 31 July 1936.

‘
On 22 March, at the Albert Hall in London, Mosley had advocated
': ibid., 23 March 1936.

‘
in the gangsterish form of used notes in different currencies
': For details of the BUF finances see Dalley,
Diana Mosley
, Lovell,
The Mitford Girls
, Skidelsky,
Oswald Mosley
.

‘
Diana baldly told the Nazi leader that Mosley required £100,000
': See Dalley,
Diana Mosley
.

CHAPTER EIGHT

‘
The British journalist George Ward Price had ridden in the back of Hitler's car
': Ward Price,
I Know These Dictators
.

‘
That month, Helmuth von Moltke, a young lawyer who had a passionate hatred of Nazism
': Quoted in MacDonogh,
A Good German
.

‘
although the seven-strong Bermudan team doffed their
white solar topees and made the fascist salute
': Photograph in collection of John Young, Bermuda.

‘
Strauss was not proud of his collaboration with the Nazis
': Konno; see (c) (ii) in Bibliography.

‘
The torch arrived in Vienna in the early evening of 29 July
': TMG, 30 July 1936.

CHAPTER NINE

NB: Many of the athletes' reminiscences in Chapters Nine, Ten, Eleven and Twelve are gleaned from five principal sources–interviews with the author, the
New York Times
, ‘A Proper Spectacle',
Tales of Gold
and Maegerlein,
Die Wille siegt
. For reasons of space, I have refrained from listing the provenance of each quote as most are readily found in these sources. If researchers require assistance, then I would be more than happy to help. I can be contacted via my website, www.guywalters.com.

‘
J M Loraine in Britain decided to write to the new hero of the Games
': See Rürup,
Die Olympischen Spiele
.

‘
Doping had been present in sports since the Ancient Olympics
':
Lancet
, 16 September 2000, p. 1008.

‘
Stephens's manliness certainly did not stop her being admired by men
': Stephens's encounters with Hitler and Goering are recounted in Kinney Hanson,
The Fulton Flash
.

‘
Owens wrote in one of his autobiographies later
': Owens,
Jesse: A Spiritual Autobiography
.

‘“
It [the wind] howls in at the north gate,” Long recalled
':
Die Wille siegt
.

‘“
It was as usual a case of getting the first break on the field,” Lovelock wrote later
': From Lovelock's diary, reproduced in the front papers of McNeish,
Lovelock
.

‘
His mood was not helped by the fact that he was mobbed by weeping Japanese journalists
': Much of this and the account of the lost Harper are from an undated newspaper cutting in the collection of Velma Dunn Ploessel. A copy can be e-mailed by the author if required.

CHAPTER TEN

‘
Only in dictatorships can a “Week of Laughter” be declared
': NYT, 18 July 1936.

‘
In order to jolly the Germans along, the British and Canadians had decided to show
': ibid., 5 August 1936.

‘
described by one breathless travel writer as a “mecca for pleasure-seekers
” ':
North American Review
, vol. 235, no. 1, January 1933.

‘
could consult the recently updated Baedeker guidebook
': NYT, 26 July 1936.

‘
One, which found its way into the hands of a columnist on the
New Statesman
magazine
':
New Statesman
, 1 August 1936.

‘
Reverend Stewart W. Herman Jr's choice of Psalm 98
': ABC Box 152.

‘
The daily report of the State Police Office for 15/16 August
': See Rürup,
Die Olympischen Spiele
.

‘
Our people are trying to break the bond set by God
':
Time
, 27 July 1936.

‘
the numerous functions hosted by the bigwigs in the Nazi regime
': The menus and the seating plans contained within this chapter can be found in CIO JO 1936S INVIT.

‘
a forty-three-year-old Château Cos d'Estournel
': This was incorrectly printed on the menu as ‘Cos d'Es Tournel'–a small indicator of Goering's
arriviste
tendencies.

‘
Goering had deemed that such hunting was “unfair to animals”
': TMG, 4 August 1936.

‘
When Vansittart met Hitler, he found the dictator to be
': Vansittart's post-Olympic Report, ‘A Busman's Holiday', can be found at CAC Vansittart Papers 1/17.

‘
some sort of dalliance with a man called Luedecke
': Possibly Kurt Luedecke, a fund-raiser for the Nazis in the United States.

‘“
You should come to Berlin more often,” the dictator told Lady Vansittart
': See Hart-Davis,
Hitler's Olympics
.

‘
That day, he wrote to Anthony Eden, telling him that Vansittart
': CAC Phipps Papers 1/17.

‘
That morning, Dodd had made a report to Roosevelt about the Nazi press
': FDR Digital Archive; see Bibliography, (c) (iii).

‘
He told me, with tears in his eyes, that he had replied that
there was no discrimination
' JSH, vol. 11, no. 3 (winter, 1984); Eisen,
The Voices of Sanity
.

‘
had fallen in love with Boris Vinogradov
': See Helms,
A Look over My Shoulder
.

‘
Some 2, 700 guests were invited to his
Sommerfest
': There are various estimates of the number of guests. We can be sure that it was a big party; 2,700 is Goebbels' figure.

‘
For Helen Stephens, the party went too far for other reasons
': See Kinney Hanson,
The Fulton Flash
.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

‘
Whatever the truth of the situation, Glickman and Stoller were out
': As well as Glickman, see, NYT 8 August 1936.

‘
Hendrika “Rie” Mastenbroek of Holland was the queen of the swimming pool
': See JOH, summer 1937, p. 30.

‘
The Peruvians did not react well to the decision, to put it mildly
': See NYT, 11–14 August 1936.

‘
This cable found its way to Avery Brundage
': ABC Box 152.

‘
A cable was sent from Berlin to Kunwar Sir Jagdish Prasad
': A kunwar is the younger son of a small feudal chief–a thakur. The term may sometimes be used for the first younger son of a raja.

CHAPTER TWELVE

‘
Olympics Leave Glow of Pride in Reich
': NYT, 16 August 1936.

‘
Harold Abrahams thought that such complaints were unfair
':
The Field
, 21 November 1936.

‘
Avery Brundage's reaction to the American showing
': NYT, 5 October 1936.

‘
We can learn much from Germany
': ABC Box 244.

‘
The results we obtained at the Olympic Games
': Hitler,
Hitler's Table Talk
.

‘
When Coubertin was interviewed after the Games
': Quoted in Bale and Christensen,
Post-Olympism?

‘
Rie Mastenbroek was another star of Berlin
': See JOH, summer 1937, p. 30.

‘
Although Son had been good to the Olympic movement
': CIO JO 1936S CORR.

‘
On 8 August 1938 he received a letter from Tschammer und Osten
': NYT, 21 February 1999.

‘
Brundage wrote back later that month
': ABC Box 127.

‘
On 20 October 1939, some seven weeks after the outbreak of hostilities in Europe
': CIO PT BRUND CORR Notice 0061522.

‘
It is thanks to the efforts of Madame Zanchi and Edstrøm that books such as this can be written
': See 6th ISOR, pp. 93–104; Paton and Barney,
Adolf Hitler, Carl Diem
…

‘“
Thus it came to the storming of Poland
” ' See Rürup,
Die Olympischen Spiele
.

‘
In October 1950, the American testified that von Halt
': ibid.

UNPUBLISHED SOURCES

(a) Interviewees

Abrahams, Harold M., interviewed by John Dunn, 12 July 1974 (from Dick Booth)

Bristow, Martin, interviewed telephonically by author, 23 February 1936

Çambel, Halet, interviewed telephonically by author, 26 March 2005

Cummings Critchell, Iris, interviewed by author, Downey, CA, USA, 25 July 2005

Dunn Ploessel, Velma, interviewed by author, Downey, CA, USA, 25 July 2005

Falz-Fein, Eduard von, interviewed telephonically by author, 22 February 2005

Frampton, Lorna, interviewed telephonically by author, 23 February 2005

Gerdes, Alfred, interviewed by author, Lake Constance, Germany, 2 September 2005

Havelange, João, interviewed by author, Zurich, Switzerland, 3 May 2005

Herber Baier, Maxie, interviewed by author, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 23 September 2005

Hill, Harry, interviewed by author, Manchester, UK, 4 March 2005

Kaun, Elfriede, interviewed by author, Kiel, Germany, 20 September 2005

Kiefer, Adolph, interviewed telephonically by author, 7 July 2005

Komorowski, Adam, interviewed by author, London, UK, 12 July 2005

Komorowski, Irena, interviewed by Eugeniusz Romiszewski, 1967/8 (from Adam Komorowski)

Kurland, Simon, interviewed telephonically by author, 4 April 2005

Lanitis, Domnitsa, interviewed telephonically by author, 23 February 2005

Leonard, Charles, interviewed by author, Fort Belvoir, VA, USA, 22 July 2005

Obretenov, Lyuben, interviewed telephonically on author's behalf by Nadka Gouneva, early May 2005

Odam Tyler, Dorothy, interviewed by author, Croydon, UK, 21 February 2005

Oliver, Percy, interviewed telephonically by author, 9 August, 2005

Proksch, Alfred, interviewed telephonically by author, 7 March 2005

Rogers Kelly, Annette, interviewed by author, Niles, IL, USA, 27 July 2005

Sorensen, Inge, interviewed telephonically by author, 13 April 2005

Washburn, Albert, interviewed by author, Seattle, WA, USA, 26 July 2005

Webster, Dick, interviewed by author, Winchester, UK, 3 March 2005

Zamperini, Louis S., interviewed by George A. Hodak for the Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles, Hollywood, CA, USA, June 1988 (from Louis Zamperini)

(b) Archives

Avery Brundage Collection (ABC), University of Illinois, IL, USA

Arnold Lunn Papers (AL), Georgetown University Library, Washington, DC, USA

British Olympic Association (BOA), London, UK

Cambridge University Library, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives (CUL), Cambridge, UK

Churchill College Archives Centre (CAC), Cambridge, UK

British Library Newspaper Archive, Colindale, London, UK

International Olympic Committee Archives (CIO), Lausanne, Switzerland

Labour History Archive and Study Centre (LHA), People's History Museum, Manchester, UK

London Library, UK

London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), London, UK

London School of Economics Archives (LSE), London, UK

New York City Public Library, USA

(c) Academic papers and lectures

Young, Christopher,
When Adolf Met Pierre? The Olympic Games in the Age of Technical Reproduction
(University of Cambridge, UK, March 2005)

Whiteing, Charles,
Robey Leibbrandt and Operation Weissdorn
(South African Military History Society, Kwazulu Natal Branch, 2002)

(d) Diaries and letters

Charles Leonard's diaries and letters (from Charles Leonard)

Velma Dunn Ploessel's letters (from Velma Dunn Ploessel)

Albert Washburn's letters (from Albert Washburn)

PUBLISHED SOURCES

(a) Printed

(i) Biographies and memoirs

Avon, The Earl of,
The Eden Memoirs: Facing the Dictators
(Cassell, 1962)

Baker, William J.,
Jesse Owens: An American Life
(Macmillan, 1986)

Bergmann Lambert, Margaret,
By Leaps and Bounds
(United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2005)

Bethge, Eberhard,
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
(Collins, 1977)

Bloch, Michael,
Ribbentrop
(Abacus, 2003)

Bruccoli, Matthew J. and Park, Bucker,
To Loot My Life Clean: The Thomas Wolfe–Maxwell Perkins Correspondence
(University of South Carolina Press, 2000)

Channon, Henry,
‘Chips': The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon
(Phoenix, 1999)

Chapman, Mike,
The Gold and the Glory: The Amazing True Story of Glenn Morris, Olympic Champion and Movie Tarzan
(Culture House Books, 2003)

Churchill, Winston S.,
The Second World War: The Gathering Storm
(Folio Society, 2000)

Dalley, Jan,
Diana Mosley: A Life
(Faber & Faber, 2000)

Dodd, Martha,
My Years in Germany
(Gollancz, 1940)

Dodd, William E. and Martha, Dodd,
Ambassador Dodd's Diary 1933–1938
(Gollancz, 1941)

Donald, David Herbert,
Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe
(Bloomsbury, 1987)

Fromm, Bella,
Blood and Banquets: A Berlin Social Diary
(Birch Lane Press, 1990)

Gay, Peter,
My German Question
(Yale University Press, 1998)

Glickman, Marty,
The Fastest Kid on the Block
(Syracuse University Press, 1996)

Goebbels, Joseph,
Der Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels
(K. G. Saur, Munich, 2005)

Guttmann, Allen,
The Games Must Go On: Avery Brundage and the Olympic Movement
(Columbia University Press, 1984)

Helms, Richard,
A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency
(Ballantine, 2004)

Holman, C. Hugh and Sue Fields Ross,
The Letters of Thomas Wolfe to His Mother
(University of North Carolina Press, 1968)

Jones, Thomas,
A Diary with Letters 1931–1950
(Oxford University Press, 1954)

Kinney Hanson, Sharon,
The Fulton Flash: The Life of Helen Stephens
(Southern Illinois University Press, 2004)

Kennan, George F.,
Memoirs 1925–1950
(Little, Brown, Boston, 1967)

Kennedy, Richard S. (ed.),
The Notebooks of Thomas Wolfe
(University of North Carolina Press, 1970)

Kershaw, Ian,
Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris
(Penguin, 2001)

——
Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis
(Allen Lane, 2000)

Kirkpatrick, Ivone,
The Inner Circle
(Macmillan, 1959)

Klemperer, Victor,
I Shall Bear Witness 1933–1941
, vol. 1 (Phoenix, 1999)

Lean, Garth,
Frank Buchman: A Life
(Collins, 1988)

Lindbergh, Charles,
Autobiography of Values
(Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992)

Lovell, Mary S.,
The Mitford Girls
(Little, Brown, 2001)

MacDonogh, Giles,
A Good German: Adam von Trott zu Solz
(Quartet, 1994)

McRae, Donald,
Heroes without Country: America's Betrayal of Joe Louis and Jesse Owens
(HarperCollins, 2002)

Mahoney, Barbara S.,
Dispatches and Dictators: Ralph Barnes for the Herald Tribune
(Oregon State University Press, 2002)

Mogulof, Milly,
Foiled: Hitler's Jewish Olympian, the Helene Mayer Story
(RDR Books, 2002)

Mosley, Diana,
A Life of Contrasts
(Gibson Square Books, 2002)

Mosley, Leonard,
Lindbergh: A Biography
(Dover, 2000)

Neave, Airey,
They Have Their Exits
(Pen and Sword, 2002)

Nowell, Elizabeth (ed.),
The Selected Letters of Thomas Wolfe
(Heinemann, 1958)

Owens, Jesse,
I Have Changed
(William Morrow, 1972)

——
Jesse: A Spiritual Autobiography
(Logos International, 1978)

Phillips, Bob,
The Iron in His Soul: Bill Roberts and Manchester's Sporting Heritage
(Parrs Wood Press, 2002)

Radetz, Walter,
Werner Seelenbinder
(Sportverlag Berlin, 1969)

Ribbentrop, Joachim von,
The Ribbentrop Memoirs
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954)

Rice, Grantland,
The Tumult and the Shouting
(A. S. Barnes and Co., 1954)

Riefenstahl, Leni,
A Memoir
(Picador, 1992)

Schmeling, Max,
An Autobiography
(Bonus Books, 1998)

Shirer, William L.,
Berlin Diary 1934–1941
(Promotional Reprint Company, 1997)

Skidelsky, Robert,
Oswald Mosley
(Macmillan, 1990)

Speer, Albert,
Inside the Third Reich
(Phoenix, 1995)

Strydom, Hans,
For Volk and Führer: Robey Leibbrandt and Operation Weissdorn
(Jonathan Ball, 1983)

Ward Price, George,
I Know These Dictators
(Harrap, 1937)

Weitz, John,
Hitler's Diplomat: Joachim von Ribbentrop
(Phoenix, 1997)

(ii) Histories

Bachrach, Susan D.,
The Nazi Olympics
(Little, Brown, 2000)

Bale, John and Krogh Christensen, Mette,
Post-Olympism? Questioning Sport in the Twenty-first Century
(Berg, 2004)

Barry, James P.,
The Berlin Olympics, 1936: Black American Athletes Counter Nazi Propaganda
(Franklin Watts, 1975)

Burleigh, Michael,
The Third Reich: A New History
(Pan, 2000)

Buruma, Ian,
The Missionary and the Libertine: Love and War in East and West
(Faber & Faber, 1996)

Carlson, Lewis H. and John J., Fogarty,
Tales of Gold: An Oral History of the Summer Olympic Games Told by America's Gold Medal Winners
(Contemporary Books, 1987)

Cohen, Stan,
The Games of '36: A Pictorial History of the 1936 Olympics in Germany
(Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., 1996)

Cross, Colin,
The Fascists in Britain
(Barrie and Rockliff, 1961)

Daniels, Stephanie and Tedder, Anita,
‘A Proper Spectacle': Women Olympians 1900–1936
(ZeNaNA Press, 2000)

Dawson, Buck,
Mermaids on Parade: America's Love Affair with Its Olympic Women Swimmers
(Kroshka Books, 2000)

Die XI. Olympiade de Berlin 1936
(Heinrich Franck Söhne, Berlin, 1936)

Dunelm, Herbert (foreword),
The Yellow Spot
(Gollancz, 1936)

Graham, Cooper C.,
Leni Riefenstahl and Olympia
(Scarecrow Press, 1986)

Graves, Robert and Hodge, Alan,
The Long Week-end
(Penguin, 1971)

Guttmann, Allen,
The Erotic in Sports
(Columbia University Press, 1996)

——
The Olympics
(University of Illinois Press, 2002)

Handler, Andrew,
From the Ghetto to the Games: Jewish Athletes in Hungary
(East European Monographs, Boulder, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1985)

Hart-Davis, Duff,
Hitler's Olympics: The 1936 Games
(Coronet, 1988)

Hill, Christopher R.,
Olympic Politics: Athens to Atlanta 1896–1996
(Manchester University Press, 1996)

Hitler, Adolf,
Hitler's Table Talk
, trans. Norman Cameron and R. H. Stevens (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973)

Hoberman, John,
The Olympic Crisis: Sport, Politics and the Moral Order
(Caratzas, 1986,)

Holmes, Judith,
Olympiad 1936: Blaze of Glory for Hitler's Reich
(Ballantine, 1971)

Kieran, John and Arthur, Daley,
The Story of the Olympic Games
(Lippincott, 1952)

Krüger, Arnd and Murray, William,
The Nazi Olympics: Sport, Politics and Appeasement in the 1930s
(University of Illinois Press, 2003)

Lipstadt, Deborah E.,
Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust 1933–1945
(Macmillan, 1993)

Lovett, Charles C.,
Olympic Marathon: A Centennial History of the Games' Most Storied Race
(Greenwood Press, 1997)

Maegerlein, Heinz,
Der Wille siegt
(Verlag Dürrsche Buchhandlung, Bonn, 1950)

Mandell, Richard D.,
The Nazi Olympics
(University of Illinois Press, 1987)

Mayer, Paul Yogi,
Jews and the Olympic Games
(Vallentine Mitchell, 2004)

Olympia 1936, Band I
(Cigaretten-Bilderdienst Hamburg-Bahrenfeld, 1936)

Olympia 1936, Band II
(Cigaretten-Bilderdienst Hamburg-Bahrenfeld, 1936)

Preez, Max du,
Of Warriors, Lovers and Prophets: Unusual Stories from South Africa's Past
(Zebra Press, 2004)

Reid Gannon, Franklin,
The British Press and Germany 1936–1939
(Oxford University Press, 1971)

Rürup, Reinhard (ed.),
Topography of Terror
(Willmuth Arenhövel, Berlin, 2001)

——
Die Olympischen Spiele und der Nationalsozialismus
(Argon, Berlin, 1996)

Senn, Alfred E.,
Power, Politics and the Olympic Games
(Human Kinetics, 1999)

Taylor, Paul,
Jews and the Olympic Games
(Sussex Academic Press, 2004)

Tschammer und Osten, Hans von and Baeumler, Alfred,
Sport und Staat
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Wallace, Max,
The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of the Third Reich
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Webster, F. A. M.,
Olympic Cavalcade
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(iii) Bulletins, journals, newspapers and magazines

NB: Titles marked with an asterisk are available digitally from AAFLA (see (c) (iii) below)