Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain (57 page)
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Chapter 12. “A Dirty Little War”
1
King Philip II to Juan Vázquez, April 22, 1579, cited in Kamen,
Philip of Spain
, p. 131.
King Philip II to Juan Vázquez, April 22, 1579, cited in Kamen,
Philip of Spain
, p. 131.
2
Hurtado de Mendoza,
War in Granada
, p. 69.
Hurtado de Mendoza,
War in Granada
, p. 69.
3
“Auto de Fe Celebrated in Granada, March 18, 1571,” in Homza,
Spanish Inquisition
, p. 245.
“Auto de Fe Celebrated in Granada, March 18, 1571,” in Homza,
Spanish Inquisition
, p. 245.
4
Mármol y Carvajal,
Historia de la rebelión
, book 4, chap. 8, p. 95.
Mármol y Carvajal,
Historia de la rebelión
, book 4, chap. 8, p. 95.
5
See Braudel,
Mediterranean
, p. 1063
See Braudel,
Mediterranean
, p. 1063
6
Pérez de Hita,
La Guerra
, p. 79–80.
Pérez de Hita,
La Guerra
, p. 79–80.
7
For a detailed analysis of the participation of women in the Morisco revolt, see Perry,
Handless Maiden
, pp. 88–109.
For a detailed analysis of the participation of women in the Morisco revolt, see Perry,
Handless Maiden
, pp. 88–109.
8
Pérez de Hita,
La Guerra
, p. 187.
Chapter 13. Defeat and PunishmentPérez de Hita,
La Guerra
, p. 187.
1
Cabrera de Córdoba,
Historia de Felipe II
, vol. 1, pp. 401–2.
Cabrera de Córdoba,
Historia de Felipe II
, vol. 1, pp. 401–2.
2
Some of the more lurid and exotic accounts of Aben Humeya’s death claim that he was found in bed with two women and that his killers were high on hashish and strangled him with a silk cord. Others claim that he died proclaiming his wish to be a Christian. Such claims cannot be proven or disproven, but should certainly be regarded with skepticism.
Some of the more lurid and exotic accounts of Aben Humeya’s death claim that he was found in bed with two women and that his killers were high on hashish and strangled him with a silk cord. Others claim that he died proclaiming his wish to be a Christian. Such claims cannot be proven or disproven, but should certainly be regarded with skepticism.
3
Cited in Tazón Salces,
Life and Times of Thomas Stukeley
, p. 96.
Cited in Tazón Salces,
Life and Times of Thomas Stukeley
, p. 96.
4
Ibid., p. 123.
Ibid., p. 123.
5
AGS, Estado K,
legajo
1512, Francés de Álava to King Philip II, September 18, 1569.
AGS, Estado K,
legajo
1512, Francés de Álava to King Philip II, September 18, 1569.
6
William of Orange to Count John, February 20, 1570, cited in Parker,
Philip II
, p. 106.
William of Orange to Count John, February 20, 1570, cited in Parker,
Philip II
, p. 106.
7
Cited in Braudel,
Mediterranean
, p. 1070.
Cited in Braudel,
Mediterranean
, p. 1070.
8
Don John of Austria to King Philip II, August 14, 1570, in Barrios Aguilera,
Granada Morisca
, p. 361.
Don John of Austria to King Philip II, August 14, 1570, in Barrios Aguilera,
Granada Morisca
, p. 361.
9
Don John of Austria to Ruy Gómez, November 5, 1570, cited in Braudel,
Mediterranean
, p. 1072.
Don John of Austria to Ruy Gómez, November 5, 1570, cited in Braudel,
Mediterranean
, p. 1072.
10
Pérez de Hita,
La Guerra
, pp. 352–53.
Pérez de Hita,
La Guerra
, pp. 352–53.
11
AGS, Cámara de Castilla,
legajo
2157, report of the alcalde of Molina de Mosquera in Albacete, December 8, 1570, cited in Perry,
Handless Maiden
, p. 114.
AGS, Cámara de Castilla,
legajo
2157, report of the alcalde of Molina de Mosquera in Albacete, December 8, 1570, cited in Perry,
Handless Maiden
, p. 114.
12
AGS, Cámara de Castilla,
legajo
2157, report to King Philip II, December 15, 1570.
AGS, Cámara de Castilla,
legajo
2157, report to King Philip II, December 15, 1570.
13
AGS, Cámara de Castilla,
legajo
2157, report of the governor of Mérida, January 4, 1571, in Perry,
Handless Maiden
, p. 113.
AGS, Cámara de Castilla,
legajo
2157, report of the governor of Mérida, January 4, 1571, in Perry,
Handless Maiden
, p. 113.
14
Cited in Ballester,
Medicina
, p. 45.
Cited in Ballester,
Medicina
, p. 45.
15
See Fernández Martín,
Comediants
, p. 164.
Chapter 14. The Great FearSee Fernández Martín,
Comediants
, p. 164.
1
This ill-fated expedition was largely carried out at Sebastian’s instigation and was supported by King Philip II with some reluctance. Sebastian’s body was never found, and his disappearance generated the strange and enduring cult of Sebastianismo in Portugal, whose adherents believed that he would one day return.
This ill-fated expedition was largely carried out at Sebastian’s instigation and was supported by King Philip II with some reluctance. Sebastian’s body was never found, and his disappearance generated the strange and enduring cult of Sebastianismo in Portugal, whose adherents believed that he would one day return.
2
Report of Inquisition of Aragon, in Cardaillac,
Moriscos y cristianos
, pp. 454–59.
Report of Inquisition of Aragon, in Cardaillac,
Moriscos y cristianos
, pp. 454–59.
3
These commitments did not mean that the Ottomans ignored Spain altogether. There is some documentary evidence to suggest that the Ottoman sultan at least considered the possibility of responding to Morisco requests for assistance in the late sixteenth century, even if these deliberations do not seem to have produced any practical results. See Hess, “Ottoman Fifth Column,” pp. 1–25.
These commitments did not mean that the Ottomans ignored Spain altogether. There is some documentary evidence to suggest that the Ottoman sultan at least considered the possibility of responding to Morisco requests for assistance in the late sixteenth century, even if these deliberations do not seem to have produced any practical results. See Hess, “Ottoman Fifth Column,” pp. 1–25.
4
Anonymous and undated document in Regla,
Estudios sobre los moriscos
, pp. 207–8.
Anonymous and undated document in Regla,
Estudios sobre los moriscos
, pp. 207–8.
5
Cited in Benítez Sánchez-Blanco,
Heroicas decisiones
, p. 297.
Cited in Benítez Sánchez-Blanco,
Heroicas decisiones
, p. 297.
6
Ibid., p. 305.
Ibid., p. 305.
7
“Los granadinos en Castilla” in García Arenal,
Los moriscos
, pp. 69–70.
“Los granadinos en Castilla” in García Arenal,
Los moriscos
, pp. 69–70.
8
Statistics from Jaime Contreras and Gustav Henningsen, “Forty-Four Thousand Cases of the Spanish Inquisition (1540–1700): Analysis of a Historical Data Bank,” in Henningsen and Tedeschi,
Inquisition in Early Modern Europe
, pp. 100–129.
Statistics from Jaime Contreras and Gustav Henningsen, “Forty-Four Thousand Cases of the Spanish Inquisition (1540–1700): Analysis of a Historical Data Bank,” in Henningsen and Tedeschi,
Inquisition in Early Modern Europe
, pp. 100–129.
9
For a fuller account of the persecution of the Compañero family, see Monter,
Frontiers of Heresy
, pp. 218–22.
For a fuller account of the persecution of the Compañero family, see Monter,
Frontiers of Heresy
, pp. 218–22.
10
My account of this tragic episode is drawn largely from Cordente,
La morisca Beatriz de Padilla
. The first part of the book consists of a powerful fictionalized reconstruction of what took place, but the second part contains actual documents from the Inquisitorial records of the case.
My account of this tragic episode is drawn largely from Cordente,
La morisca Beatriz de Padilla
. The first part of the book consists of a powerful fictionalized reconstruction of what took place, but the second part contains actual documents from the Inquisitorial records of the case.
11
Cited in Epalza, “Caracterización del exilio musulman,” p. 221.
Chapter 15. “The Vilest of People”Cited in Epalza, “Caracterización del exilio musulman,” p. 221.
1
Enrique Cock, “Anales del Año Ochenta y Cinco en el cual el Rey Católico de España Don Felipe, con el Principe Don Felipe, Su hijo, fue a Monzon a tener las Cortes del Reino del Aragon,” in García Mercadal,
Viajes de extranjeros
, p. 1308.
Enrique Cock, “Anales del Año Ochenta y Cinco en el cual el Rey Católico de España Don Felipe, con el Principe Don Felipe, Su hijo, fue a Monzon a tener las Cortes del Reino del Aragon,” in García Mercadal,
Viajes de extranjeros
, p. 1308.
2
Cited in Woolard, “Bernardo de Aldrete and the Morisco Problem,” pp. 446–78.
Cited in Woolard, “Bernardo de Aldrete and the Morisco Problem,” pp. 446–78.
3
Camilo Borghese, “Diario de la Relación de Viaje 1584,” in García Mercadal,
Viajes de extranjeros
, p. 1472.
Camilo Borghese, “Diario de la Relación de Viaje 1584,” in García Mercadal,
Viajes de extranjeros
, p. 1472.
4
For an excellent study of “Turkenschriften” and the evolution of Austrian Hapsburg attitudes toward the Ottoman enemy, see Sutter Fichtner,
Terror and Toleration
.
For an excellent study of “Turkenschriften” and the evolution of Austrian Hapsburg attitudes toward the Ottoman enemy, see Sutter Fichtner,
Terror and Toleration
.
5
See Tomaz Mastnak, “Europe and the Muslims: The Permanent Crusade?” in Qureshi and Sells,
New Crusades
, pp. 217–18.
See Tomaz Mastnak, “Europe and the Muslims: The Permanent Crusade?” in Qureshi and Sells,
New Crusades
, pp. 217–18.
6
Las Casas,
Brevísima relación
, p. 68.
Las Casas,
Brevísima relación
, p. 68.
7
Fonseca,
Justa expulsión
, p. 153.
Fonseca,
Justa expulsión
, p. 153.
8
Aznar Cardona,
Expulsión justificada
(folios 32–36R), extract in García Arenal,
Los moriscos
, pp. 227–35.
Aznar Cardona,
Expulsión justificada
(folios 32–36R), extract in García Arenal,
Los moriscos
, pp. 227–35.
9
Cited in Cardaillac,
Moriscos y cristianos
, p. 95–96.
Cited in Cardaillac,
Moriscos y cristianos
, p. 95–96.
10
Guadalajara y Xavier,
Memorable expulsión
, folio 158.
Guadalajara y Xavier,
Memorable expulsión
, folio 158.
11
Verdú,
Engaños y desengaños
, book 3, p. 137.
Verdú,
Engaños y desengaños
, book 3, p. 137.
12
Fonseca,
Justa expulsión
, p. 170.
Fonseca,
Justa expulsión
, p. 170.
13
Report of Cortes of Castile, September 13, 1607, in García Arenal,
Los moriscos
, p. 220.
Report of Cortes of Castile, September 13, 1607, in García Arenal,
Los moriscos
, p. 220.
14
Cited in Caro Baroja, Los moriscos, p. 344.
Cited in Caro Baroja, Los moriscos, p. 344.
15
See, for example, the studies of Morisco Seville in Pike,
Aristocrats and Traders
, pp. 154–70. See also Casey, “Moriscos,” pp. 19–41.
See, for example, the studies of Morisco Seville in Pike,
Aristocrats and Traders
, pp. 154–70. See also Casey, “Moriscos,” pp. 19–41.
16
Bleda,
Crónica
, p. 896.
Bleda,
Crónica
, p. 896.
17
Lope de Obregón,
Confutación del Alcoran y secta Mahometana
(1555), cited in Bunes Ibarra,
La imagen de los musulmanes
, p. 236.
Lope de Obregón,
Confutación del Alcoran y secta Mahometana
(1555), cited in Bunes Ibarra,
La imagen de los musulmanes
, p. 236.
18
Quoted in Wilson,
Pirate Utopias
, p. 161. As Wilson notes, the same qualities that some European travelers—and captives—found offensive were also extremely attractive to others, so much so that they sometimes preferred to remain in North Africa and “turn Turke” than return to Europe.
Quoted in Wilson,
Pirate Utopias
, p. 161. As Wilson notes, the same qualities that some European travelers—and captives—found offensive were also extremely attractive to others, so much so that they sometimes preferred to remain in North Africa and “turn Turke” than return to Europe.
19
Cited in Bunes Ibarra,
La imagen de los musulmanes
, p. 239. Haedo’s treatise was largely intended to highlight the plight of Christian captives in Algiers, a city that he himself had probably never visited. It is also doubtful that he actually wrote the book himself. See Garcés,
Cervantes in Algiers
, pp. 33–34.
Cited in Bunes Ibarra,
La imagen de los musulmanes
, p. 239. Haedo’s treatise was largely intended to highlight the plight of Christian captives in Algiers, a city that he himself had probably never visited. It is also doubtful that he actually wrote the book himself. See Garcés,
Cervantes in Algiers
, pp. 33–34.
20
Archivo Historico Nacional, Madrid, Inquisición,
legajo
1953, cited in Barrios Aguilera,
Granada morisca
, p. 243.
Archivo Historico Nacional, Madrid, Inquisición,
legajo
1953, cited in Barrios Aguilera,
Granada morisca
, p. 243.
21
The writings of the “Exile of Tunis” were first unearthed in Spanish archives by the literary scholar López-Baralt, who published extracts under the title
Un Kama Sutra español
.
The writings of the “Exile of Tunis” were first unearthed in Spanish archives by the literary scholar López-Baralt, who published extracts under the title
Un Kama Sutra español
.
22
Francisco de Quevedo,
Premáticas de aranceles generales
, cited in Bunes Ibarra,
Los moriscos
, p. 19.
Francisco de Quevedo,
Premáticas de aranceles generales
, cited in Bunes Ibarra,
Los moriscos
, p. 19.
23
Quevedo,
The Swindler
, p. 107. Alpert translates “Morisco” as “half-Moor.”
Quevedo,
The Swindler
, p. 107. Alpert translates “Morisco” as “half-Moor.”
24
Cervantes,
Exemplary Stories
, pp. 295–96.
Cervantes,
Exemplary Stories
, pp. 295–96.
25
Historia del Abencerraje y la Hermosa Jarífa
, in Smith,
Christians and Moors in Spain
, vol. 2, p. 129.
Historia del Abencerraje y la Hermosa Jarífa
, in Smith,
Christians and Moors in Spain
, vol. 2, p. 129.
26
Janer,
Condición social
, p. 98.
Janer,
Condición social
, p. 98.
27
Fray Alonso Fernández,
Historia de Plasencia
, book 3, chap. 25, cited in García Arenal,
Los moriscos
, p. 68.
Fray Alonso Fernández,
Historia de Plasencia
, book 3, chap. 25, cited in García Arenal,
Los moriscos
, p. 68.
28
For a more complete account of this episode and the complex local politics that shaped its outcome, see Berco, “Revealing the Other,” pp. 135–59.
For a more complete account of this episode and the complex local politics that shaped its outcome, see Berco, “Revealing the Other,” pp. 135–59.
29
Cited in Cardaillac,
Moriscos y cristianos
, p. 95.
Cited in Cardaillac,
Moriscos y cristianos
, p. 95.
30
Miguel José Hagerty,
Los libros plúmbeos del Sacromonte
(Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1980), cited in Woolard, “Bernardo de Aldrete,” p. 45.
Miguel José Hagerty,
Los libros plúmbeos del Sacromonte
(Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1980), cited in Woolard, “Bernardo de Aldrete,” p. 45.
31
Cited in Harvey,
Muslims in Spain
, p. 278.
Cited in Harvey,
Muslims in Spain
, p. 278.
32
For a well-researched account of the enigmatic Alonso del Castillo’s checkered career that goes into some detail about Miguel de Luna as well, see Cabanelas Rodríguez,
El morisco granadino
.
Chapter 16. Toward ExpulsionFor a well-researched account of the enigmatic Alonso del Castillo’s checkered career that goes into some detail about Miguel de Luna as well, see Cabanelas Rodríguez,
El morisco granadino
.
1
Cited in Domínguez Ortiz and Vincent,
Historia de los moriscos
, p. 193. By all accounts, Hornachos was an exceptional example of Morisco insubordination, whose population were not only defiantly and openly Muslim, but generally indifferent to the authority of the state. Its collective ethos was summed up by one local resident who told a local priest, “Father, stay in your monastery and don’t come out to preach, because we’re absolutely sick of it. We don’t need priests, infirmaries, or cures.” Ibid., p. 93.
Cited in Domínguez Ortiz and Vincent,
Historia de los moriscos
, p. 193. By all accounts, Hornachos was an exceptional example of Morisco insubordination, whose population were not only defiantly and openly Muslim, but generally indifferent to the authority of the state. Its collective ethos was summed up by one local resident who told a local priest, “Father, stay in your monastery and don’t come out to preach, because we’re absolutely sick of it. We don’t need priests, infirmaries, or cures.” Ibid., p. 93.
2
AGS, Cámara de Castilla,
legajo
2196, Bishop of Badajoz report on Moriscos, October 28, 1589.
AGS, Cámara de Castilla,
legajo
2196, Bishop of Badajoz report on Moriscos, October 28, 1589.
3
Alonso Gutiérrez, report on the Morisco question, September 6, 1588, in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 1, pp. 634–38.
Alonso Gutiérrez, report on the Morisco question, September 6, 1588, in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 1, pp. 634–38.
4
Lisbon Junta recommendations for the conversion of the Moriscos, December 4, 1581, in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 1, pp. 291–94.
Lisbon Junta recommendations for the conversion of the Moriscos, December 4, 1581, in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 1, pp. 291–94.
5
Full text of Reinoso’s recommendations, ibid., pp. 595–692.
Full text of Reinoso’s recommendations, ibid., pp. 595–692.
6
Cited in Ehlers,
Between Christians and Moriscos
, p. 100.
Cited in Ehlers,
Between Christians and Moriscos
, p. 100.
7
Ibid., p. 105.
Ibid., p. 105.
8
Ibid., p. 110.
Ibid., p. 110.
9
Ibid., p. 118.
Ibid., p. 118.
10
Bleda,
Crónica
, p. 938.
Bleda,
Crónica
, p. 938.
11
From Giovanni Botero,
The Reason of State
, cited in Tueller,
Good and Faithful Christians
, p. 103.
From Giovanni Botero,
The Reason of State
, cited in Tueller,
Good and Faithful Christians
, p. 103.
12
Doctor Estevan, Bishop of Orihuela to King Philip II, in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 1, pp. 638–56.
Doctor Estevan, Bishop of Orihuela to King Philip II, in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 1, pp. 638–56.
13
Martín González de Cellorigo Oquendo, “Memorandum to the King on the Homicides, Offenses and Irreverences Against the Christian Religion, Committed by the Moriscos,” in Zayas,
Los moriscos
, pp. 387–407.
Martín González de Cellorigo Oquendo, “Memorandum to the King on the Homicides, Offenses and Irreverences Against the Christian Religion, Committed by the Moriscos,” in Zayas,
Los moriscos
, pp. 387–407.
14
Letter from Pedro de Franquesa e Esteve to King Philip II, February 7, 1598, in de Zayas,
Los moriscos
, pp. 353–60. Most of de Zayas’s book consists of an important series of documents pertaining to the Moriscos in the author’s private possession, from a collection of manuscripts brought back from Spain during the Peninsular War by a British aristocrat, known as the Holland collection.
Letter from Pedro de Franquesa e Esteve to King Philip II, February 7, 1598, in de Zayas,
Los moriscos
, pp. 353–60. Most of de Zayas’s book consists of an important series of documents pertaining to the Moriscos in the author’s private possession, from a collection of manuscripts brought back from Spain during the Peninsular War by a British aristocrat, known as the Holland collection.
15
Council of State memorandum, February 2, 1599, in de Zayas,
Los moriscos
, pp. 369–70.
Council of State memorandum, February 2, 1599, in de Zayas,
Los moriscos
, pp. 369–70.
16
Full text of Martín de Salvatierra paper in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 1, pp. 612–34.
Full text of Martín de Salvatierra paper in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 1, pp. 612–34.
17
Cited in López-Baralt, “Legacy of Islam,” p. 551.
Cited in López-Baralt, “Legacy of Islam,” p. 551.
18
Juan Bautista Pérez, Bishop of Segorbe to King Philip II, January 10, 1597, in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 1, p. 364.
Juan Bautista Pérez, Bishop of Segorbe to King Philip II, January 10, 1597, in Boronat y Barrachina,
Los moriscos
, vol. 1, p. 364.
19
Braudel,
Mediterranean
, p. 797.
Braudel,
Mediterranean
, p. 797.
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