Blood and Politics (101 page)

  
2.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., of course, was not solely responsible for creating a post–Jim Crow U.S., any more than George Washington was the single founder of the country. But
the holiday named in his honor has become, for many, a time for celebrations of the country’s “diversity” and for recollection of the civil rights struggles of the past.

  
3.
Dean Carter, letter to
Forsyth County News
, May 3, 1987, “There has been a great deal of misunderstanding surrounding . . . the walks for brotherhood I organized in your community.”

  
4.
Abby L. Ferber,
White Man Falling: Race, Gender, and White Supremacy
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999), pp. 85–95; Grace Elizabeth Hale,
The Making of Whiteness
:
The Culture of Segregation in the South
(New York: Vintage Books, 1998), pp. 227–39.

  
5.
“White Power Rally Begins at 9:30 a.m. Saturday, January 17, 1987,” leaflet distributed in north Georgia, Committee to Keep Forsyth and Dawson Counties White.

  
6.
Hosea Williams, individually and on behalf of all black citizens of the State of Georgia, Plaintiffs v. Southern White Knights, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, et al.
, U. S. District Court Northern District of Georgia, Atlanta Division, Civil Action no. C87-565A, filed March 24, 1987 (this was a class-action case pursued by Southern Poverty Law Center lawyers); as the case went to the jury it was renamed because of a change in the primary plaintiff,
James E. McKinney v. Southern White Knights et al.
; “Judgment,” Civil Action no. 1:87-cv-565-CAM, October 25, 1988.

  
7.
“Weekly Update,” Center for Democratic Renewal, January 18, 1987 (a participant-observer reported, “It was a lynch-mob . . . it was planned and organized”); “Thousands Respond to Klan Violence,”
The Monitor
6 (March 1987): 2, Center for Democratic Renewal; John Brady and Joe Earle, “Violent Protestors Disrupt Forsyth March,”
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
, January 18, 1987.

  
8.
“Weekly Update,” Center for Democratic Renewal, January 18, 1987; “Thousands Respond to Klan Violence,”
The Monitor
6 (March 1987): 2; “Is This North Georgia’s Future,”
The Monitor
7 (August 1987).

  
9.
Sheriff Wesley Walraven, testimony September 21, 1988, notes by Mark Alfonso,
Hosea Williams, individually and on behalf of all black citizens of the State of Georgia, Plaintiffs v. Southern White Knights, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, et al.
Walraven testified that the brotherhooders walked 2,251 feet from the Bethelview Rd. intersection before they were forced to end the march.

10.
Brady and Earle, “Violent Protestors Disrupt Forsyth March”: “After the march, nearly 1,000 Klansmen and sympathizers assembled at the Forsyth County Courthouse”; Wade,
The Fiery Cross
, p. 302 (for Stoner).

11.
Carter,
Politics of Rage
, p. 216.

12.
Mabelle Segrest, affidavit,
Williams et al. v. Southern White Knights et al.
, November 10, 1987; Daniel Carver, telephone message, January 18, 1987, transcript by Mark Alfonso.

13.
“A Confederate Battle Reenactment: Forsyth County, Georgia, Jan. 17,” photos by Dr. Fields,
The Thunderbolt
316:3.

14.
Wali Muhammad, “Forsyth County Outrage: Story of Black Expulsion,”
Atlanta Voice
, January 31, 1987 (credits C. B. Hackworth 1986 story in
Creative Loafing
).

15.
Mike Christensen, “Rape, Lynching of 1912 Bitter Legacy in Forsyth,”
The Atlanta Journal
, January 20, 1987; Wali Akbar Muhammad, “How African-Americans Were Forced Out of Forsyth County, Ga.,”
The Brandon Institute for International Studies and Commerce News
, January 1987 (cites
Dahlonega Nugget
, October 11, 1912); Debbie McDonald “Why Forsyth is White,”
Gainesville Times
, n.d.

16.
Herbert Shapiro,
White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery
(Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1988). NAACP advertisement in
The New York Times
, November 23, 1922, reproduced after p. 304.

17.
Shapiro,
White Violence and Black Response
, p. 98.

18.
Ibid., p. 99.

19.
George M. Fredrickson,
White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), pp. 226–27; Michael D’Orso,
Like Judgment Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood
(New York: Boulevard Books, 1996); Shapiro,
White Violence and Black Response
, pp. 107, 115–17, 155–52, 180–85.

20.
James Baldwin, “On Being ‘White’ . . . and Other Lies,” in
Black on White: Writers on What It Means to Be White
, David Roediger, ed. (New York: Schocken Books, 1998).

21.
Scott Thurston and Ron Taylor, “Forsyth Violence Provides Rallying Cry for Participants, Crowd in King Parade,
The Atlanta Journal
, January 20, 1987; “On the March for Human Rights: UAW Members Brave the Klan’s Threats as They Walk Peacefully Through Forsyth County Georgia,”
Solidarity
30, no. 1 (February 1987): 8.

22.
“Weekly Update,” Center for Democratic Renewal, February 1, 1987 (cites rallies in Easton, Maryland; Louisville, Kentucky; St. Louis University, and canceling of two sports games involving the Forsyth County High School team). Author was working in Atlanta for the Center for Democratic Renewal at the time, notes and multiple reports, national and international television news covered the Forsyth County events.

23.
Mike Christensen, “20,000 march on Forsyth County,”
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
, January 25, 1987; Dudly Clendinen, “10,000 in March for Civil Rights Jeered by Klan in Georgia Town,”
The New York Times
, January 25, 1987; staff reports by participant-observers, Center for Democratic Renewal.

24.
“White Power Rally Begins at 9:30 a.m. Saturday January 24, 1987,” leaflet, the Committee to Keep Forsyth and Dawson Counties White, n.d.; “Debriefing of Thaddeus after the Forsyth County Brotherhood II March on January 24, 1987,” Center for Democratic Renewal, p. 4.

25.
“3,000 White Patriots March in Forsyth,”
The Thunderbolt
316, Ed Fields, ed. (describes the white supremacist march); Ed Fields, “Forsyth White Uprising Inspires Nation,” newsletter, February 1987; “Debriefing of Thaddeus . . . January 24, 1987,” p. 5 (saw Duke, Black, and Ed Fields speaking to the crowd).

26.
“Grand Wizard Freed! Don Black Returns,”
White Patriot, Worldwide Voice of the Aryan People
61, n.d. Black was released from prison in January 1985.

27.
“3,000 White Patriots March in Forsyth,” and “Police Brutality Charged GBI in Forsyth,”
The Thunderbolt
316, Ed Fields, ed., pp. 1, 5 (describes arrest of David Duke, Don Black, and Frank Shirley); Charles Walston and John Brady, “56 People Charged in Forsyth County, but None Were Civil Rights Marchers,”
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
, January 26, 1987; Tyler Bridges,
The Rise of David Duke
, p. 130 (on June 27, 1987, Duke pleaded “no contest” to blocking a roadway).

28.
“Debriefing of Thaddeus . . . January 24, 1987,” Center for Democratic Renewal, p. 9; Bill Montgomery, “Huge Size of ‘Army’ Stuns Foes,”
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
, January 25, 1987.

29.
Thom Robb, “Gas Gays,”
The Torch
9, no. 3 (July 1977).

30.
Thom Robb, “It’s Their Government,”
The Torch
119 (October 1983).

31.
“Grand Wiz’rd Imprisoned,”
The White Patriot
55 (January 1983).

32.
“White Nationalists Bounce Back,”
Frontline
(publication of the Southern National Front) 2, no. 2 (March 1987): 8–9 (describes march through Raleigh on January 18); Cecil Cox, “A letter from Cecil Cox to Members of the White Patriot Party,” n.d. (announces formation of the Southern National Front); Judge W. Earl Britt, “Order,”
Bobby Person v. Carolina Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Glen Miller, et al.
, U.S. District Court for Eastern District of North Carolina, Raleigh Division, 84-534, January 18, 1985 (case pursued and won by the Southern Poverty Law Center).

33.
“‘Democracy Never Works’ Says WPP at January Convention in N.C.,”
The Monitor
1, no. 1 (January 1986); “Thousands of Southern White Patriot Soldiers Are Marching and Rallying Across Dixie,” and Glen Miller, “Our Plan,”
The Confederate Leader
, Special Introductory Issue, n.d.

34.
“White Patriots and the Southern Poverty Law Center,”
1986 Report: Bigoted Violence and Hate Group Activity in North Carolina
, North Carolinians Against Racist and Religious Violence; “Miller, Patriots Convicted of Contempt,”
Newsletter
4 (Fall 1986), North Carolinians Against Racist and Religious Violence (articles include summary of testimony about weapons, paramilitary training, etc., contempt trial in September 1986).

35.
“White Nationalists Bounce Back,”
Frontline
2, no. 2 (March 1987): 8–9, publication of the Southern National Front (describes march through Raleigh on January 18).

36.
“3 Killed in Adult Book Store,” “Officers Believe Store Linked to Organized Crime,”
The Shelby
(N.C.)
Star
, January 19, 1987.

37.
Pat Reese, “White Supremacists Suspects in Killings,”
The Fayetteville Observer
(Fayetteville, N.C.), September 4, 1987; Mab Segrest, “Background Memo on the Shelby Bookstore Murders and Possible Neo-Nazi Involvement,” North Carolinians Against Racist and Religious Violence, n.d.; “White Patriots Indicted in Carolina Execution-Style Killings,”
The Monitor
, January 1988.

38.
Mab Segrest,
Memoir of a Race Traitor
(Boston: South End Press, 1994), pp. 149–64. Segrest worked at North Carolinians Against Racist and Religious Violence at the time.

39.
“Summary of Trial of Douglas Sheets for Shelby III Murders,” May 1989, from
Shelby Star
,
Charlotte Observer
, and
Monitor
’s notes,” file memo from North Carolinians Against Racist and Religious Violence.

40.
Anti-Gay Violence and Victimization in 1985
, a Report by the Violence Project of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force;
Anti-Gay Violence and Victimization in 1986
, a Report by the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force; Mab Segrest and Leonard Zeskind,
Quarantines and Death: The Far Right’s Homophobic Agenda
, Center for Democratic Renewal, 1989.

41.
Segrest and Zeskind,
Quarantines and Death
.

42.
Leonard Zeskind (unsigned), “Identity Group Defeats Anti-Discrimination Ordinance,”
The Monitor
15 (May 1989).

43.
David Duke,
My Awakening
(Covington, La: Free Speech Press, 1998), p. 610.

15. David Duke, the Democratic Party Candidate

  
1.
David Duke, speech at Populist Party National Committee, Sewickly, Pennsylvania, March 7, 1987; Marek Lumb, communication to author (included audiotapes of the proceedings, March 1987); “Is This North Georgia’s Future?: Racist Organizing Follows Brotherhood March,”
The Monitor
7 (August 1987).

  
2.
“More to March Than Meets the Eye,”
The Spotlight
, March 16, 1987, p. 23.

  
3.
Joe Brennan, “FEC Slaps Down Shearer,”
The Spotlight
, March 23, 1987, p. 1.

  
4.
“Groundswell Building for Hansen to Run for President,”
The Populist Observer
13 (February 1987): 2.

  
5.
Joe Brennan, “Populists Meet in Washington, Vote to End Era of Boss Rule,”
The Spotlight,
February 16, 1987; “McIntyre Named Party Chairman,”
The Spotlight
, “Rarick Rebukes Californian,”
The Spotlight
, February 16, 1987, pp. 12–13; “Statement to Be Filed with the FEC,”
The Spotlight
, August 25, 1986, p. 5.

  
6.
Brennan, “Populists Meet in Washington” (sets meeting date in Sewickly); the Shearer group met that same day in Dallas, Texas.

  
7.
Marek Lumb; communication to author; Michael Collins Piper, “Populist Party Rises from the Ashes,”
The Spotlight
, March 23, 1987, p. 5.

  
8.
Marek Lumb, “McIntyre Named Party Chairman,”
The Spotlight
, February 16, 1987, p. 12.

  
9.
Marek Lumb, communication to author, March 1987.

10.
Marek Lumb; Piper, “Populist Party Rises from the Ashes.”

11.
“Hansen, George Vernon, (1930– ),”
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
, bioguide.cingress.gov.

12.
“Ex-Rep. Hansen Is Arrested in Omaha Airport,” Associated Press,
The Des Moines Register
, April 16, 1987.

13.
Christopher Smith, “Idaho’s George Hansen Takes on Another Cause,”
The Idaho Statesman
, December 7, 2007 (“the Supreme Court vindication” on the ethics conviction in 1984).

14.
Mrs. Connie Hansen, “Dear Friend of Liberty Lobby and
The Spotlight
,” n.d.

15.
Michael Collins Piper, “Hansen Speaks Freely,”
The Spotlight
, January 5 and 12, 1987; Michael Collins Piper, “Hansen Compares Himself to Political Prisoners Elsewhere,”
The Spotlight
, January 19, 1987; Michael Collins Piper, “Hansen Faced ‘Catch-22’ in Fund-Raising Reports,”
The Spotlight
, January 26, 1987.

16.
“Groundswell Building for Hansen to Run for President,”
The Populist Observer
13 (February 1987), pp. 1–2.