Brain on Fire (40 page)

57
the rate of misdiagnoses: David Leonhardt, “Why Doctors So Often Get It Wrong,”
New York Times,
February 22, 2006,
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/22/business/22leonhardt.html
.

58
one hundred different kinds of autoimmune diseases: American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association and National Coalition of Autoimmune Patient Groups, “The Cost Burden of Autoimmune Disease: The Latest Front in the War on Healthcare Spending” (Eastpointe, Mich.: American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, 2011). Autoimmune Diseases Coordinating Committee, “Autoimmune Diseases Research” (Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health, March 2005).

59
20 to 30 percent of survivors develop it: Gwen Adshead, “Psychological Therapies for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,”
British Journal of Psychiatry
177 (2000): 144–148.

60
relapses happen in about 20 percent of cases: Josep Dalmau et al., “Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis,”
Lancet Neurology
10 (2011): 63–74.

61
In 2010, a Cambridge University study: Hannah L. Morgan, Danielle C. Turner, Philip R. Corlett, Anthony R. Absalom, Ram Adapa, Fernando S. Arana, Jennifer Pigott, Jenny Gardner, Jessica Everitt, Patrick Haggard,
and Paul C. Fletcher, “Exploring the Impact of Ketamine on the Experience of Illusory Body Ownership,”
Biological Psychiatry
69, no. 1 (2011): 35–41.

62
self-monitoring theory: Sharon Begley, “The Schizophrenic Mind,”
Newsweek,
March 11, 2002,
www.newsweek.com/2002/03/10/the-schizophrenic-mind.print.html
(accessed April 21, 2011). Dominic H. Ffytche, “The Hodology of a Hallucinations,”
Cortex
44 (2008): 1067–1083.

63
generation effect: Philip D. Harvey et al., “Cortical and Subcortical Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia: Convergence of Classifications Based on Language and Memory Skill Areas,”
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
24 (2002): 55–66. Carol A. Tamminga, Ana D. Stan, and Anthony D. Wagner, “The Hippocampal Formation in Schizophrenia,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
167 (2010): 1178–1193. Daphna Shohamy, Perry Mihalakos, Ronald Chin, Binu Thomas, Anthony D. Wagner, and Carol Tamminga, “Learning and Generalization in Schizophrenia: Effects of Disease and Antipsychotic Drug Treatment,”
Biological Psychiatry
67 (2010): 926–932.

64
amygdala, an almond-shaped structure situated atop the hippocampus: Michael O’Shea,
The Brain: A Very Short Introduction
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rita Carter, Susan Aldridge, Martyn Page, and Steve Parker,
The Human Brain Book
(London: DK Adult, 2009). Elizabeth A. Phelps and Tali Sharot, “How (and Why) Emotion Enhances Subjective Sense of Recollection,”
Current Directions in Psychological Sciences
17 (2008): 147–152,
http://www.psych.nyu.edu/phelpslab/papers/08_CDPS_V17No2_147.pdf
. Joseph E. LeDoux, “Emotion Circuits in the Brain,”
Annual Reviews of Neuroscience
23 (2000): 155–185.

65
help encode and consolidate: Jesse Rissman and Anthony D. Wagner, “Distributed Representations in Memory: Insights from Functional Brain Imaging,”
Annual Review of Psychology
63 (2012): 101–128. Richard C. Mohs, “How Human Memory Works,”
HowStuffWorks.com
,
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human-biology/human-memory.htm
.

66
Dr. Loftus has spent a lifetime: William Saletan, “The Memory Doctor: The Future of False Memories,”
Slate.com
, June 4, 2010,
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_memory_doctor/2010/06/the_memory_doctor.single.html
.

67
A team of New York–based neuroscientists in 2000 demonstrated this assumption in lab rats: Greg Miller, “How Our Brains Make Memories,”
Smithsonian,
May 2010,
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/How-Our-Brains-Make-Memories.html
. “Big Think Interview with Joseph LeDoux,”
BigThink.com
, June 9, 2010,
http://bigthink.com/josephledoux
.

FREE PRESS

A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

1230 Avenue of the Americas

New York, NY 10020

www.SimonandSchuster.com

Copyright © 2012 by Susannah Cahalan

All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever. For information address Free Press Subsidiary Rights Department, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020

A note to readers: Names and identifying details of some of the people portrayed in this book have been changed.

First Free Press hardcover edition November 2012

FREE PRESS and colophon are trademarks of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

The Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau can bring authors to your live event. For more information or to book an event contact the Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau at 1-866-248-3049 or visit our website at
www.simonspeakers.com
.

Designed by Mspace/Maura Fadden Rosenthal

“Intake Interview” from WHEELING MOTEL by Franz Wright, copyright © 2009 by Franz Wright. Used by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc.

“California Dreamin’”

Words and Music by John Phillips and Michelle Phillips.

Copyright © 1965 UNIVERSAL MUSIC CORP.

Copyright Renewed.

All Rights Reserved. Used by Permission.

Reprinted by Permission of Hal Leonard Corporation.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Cahalan, Susannah.

Brain on fire: my month of madness / Susannah Cahalan.

p. cm.

1. Cahalan, Susannah—Health. 2. Cahalan, Susannah—Mental health. 3. Encephalitis—Patients—United States—Biography. 4. Autoimmune diseases—Patients—United States—Biography. 5. Frontal lobes—Diseases—Patients—United States—Biography. 6. Limbic system—Diseases—Patients—United States—Biography. 7. Diagnostic errors—United States—Case studies. I. Title.

RC390.C24 2012

616.8'320092—dc23        2012012670

ISBN 978-1-4516-2137-2

ISBN 978-1-4516-2139-6 (ebook)