Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know (34 page)

   post–1988 and,
93
–95,
99
–101,
114
–126,
130
,
177

   vilification of junta as factor in,
181
–182
See also specific countries

foreign trade.
See
trade

forestry.
See
timber

“four cuts” system,
112

Fourth Burma Rifles,
38
,
74
–75,
82
,
84
,
93

France,
118
,
142

   colonialism and,
23
,
26
,
27
,
28

freedoms,
59
,
60
,
61
,
65
,
95
,
145

free market,
19
,
60

free press,
60
,
61

Fritz-Werner (West German firm),
68

Fulbright Program,
48

Fund for Peace,
167

future issues,
149
,
158
–186

   Burmese diaspora role and,
178
–179

   economic crises and,
165
–169

   election of 2010 outcome and,
185

   military political power and,
162
–164

   prognosis for,
180
–186

   social crises and,
169
–170

   state needs and,
170
–171

Gambari, Ibrahim,
89
,
122

Gandhi, Mahatma,
30

Gandhi, Rajiv,
122

Gandhi (Hall) Declaration (1990),
92

GDP (gross domestic product),
96
,
133
,
140
,
166
,
168

gems,
6
,
31
,
76

   U.S. import sanctions on,
115

General Council of Buddhist (Burmese) Associations,
35

geography,
xxvi
–xxvii

   place names (old and new forms),
xxi
–xxii

   strategic position and,
3
–4,
159
–162,
175

Global Fund,
97
,
177

globalization,
183
–184

gold,
31
,
122
,
160
,
170

Golden Triangle,
104

GOLKAR (Indonesia),
128

GONGOs (government-owned or-operated nongovernmental organizations),
127

government-in-exile,
93
,
118
,
177
,
178
,
180

Government of Burma Act (1935),
30

Great Depression (1930s),
30
,
35

Greater Mekong Sub-Region Economic Cooperation Organization,
95

guerrilla warfare,
36

health care

   current crisis in,
3
,
11
,
96
–97,
98
,
128
,
166
,
169

   military provisions of,
102
,
163

   women and,
109

heroin,
22
,
46
,
104
,
105

hierarchical system,
152
,
154
,
157

Hinayana Buddhism,
36

Hirohito, emperor of Japan,
125

HIV/AIDS,
3
,
97
,
177

human capital crisis,
12

humanism,
64

humanitarian assistance,
3
,
97
,
99
,
114
,
171
,
175

   Cyclone Nargis and,
118
–119,
140
–141,
143

   European Union and,
177
–178

   Japanese vs. U.S. definition of,
125

   state’s close monitoring of,
157

human rights,
3
,
90
,
95
,
106
,
125
,
184

   ASEAN Charter on,
176

   Burma/Myanmar crisis in,
2
,
9
,
128
–130,
176
,
177

   foreign investors and,
99
–100

   Rohingyas status and,
108

   UN and,
176
,
177

   U.S. programs and,
116
,
117
,
129

Human Rights Watch,
129

Hurricane Katrina,
140

hydroelectric power,
6
,
13
,
120
,
121
,
125
,
160

environmental damage and,
170

immigration,
29
,
38

income gap,
11

indentured servitude,
30

independence (1948),
5
,
40
–43,
54
,
56

   leaders of movement for,
37
,
40
–41,
73
,
124

India,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
–6,
20
,
22
,
95
,
97
,
139

   British Burmese colonial administration and,
28
–31,
108

   British Commonwealth and,
44

   Burma/Myanmar borders with,
5
–6,
23
,
106

   Burma/Myanmar economic assistance from,
175

   Burma/Myanmar strategic position and,
159
,
160
–161

   Burmese colonial separation from,
37

   Burmese military officer training in,
84

   Chinese relations with,
2
,
4
,
120
,
123
,
159
,
160

   independence of,
41

   positive influence of,
30

   SLORC/SPDC relations with,
122
–123,
160
–161

India Congress Party,
30

Indian Civil Service,
29

Indian ethnic minority,
xxiv
,
3
–4,
29
–30,
44

   as associate citizens,
73

   colonial-period dominance of,
29
–30,
33

   continued resentment toward,
30
,
38

   expulsion (1962) of,
73
,
123

   World War II exodus of,
36

Indian Ocean,
4
,
28
,
120
,
123
,
161

Indonesia,
47
,
128
,
146
,
164
,
173

Indo-Pakistani war (1978),
22

industry

   nationalization of,
66
,
67
,
68

   problems with,
75
–76,
77

infant mortality rates,
3
,
97
,
169

inflation,
11
,
76
,
97
,
100
,
167
,
168

information, control of,
9
,
63
,
153
.
See also
censorship

infrastructure,
32
,
121
,
125
,
181

   colonial era and,
31

   World War II destruction of,
36

insider trading,
155

Institute of Nursing,
84

Institute of Technology,
84

insurgencies/insurrections.
See
rebellions

intellectual class,
174

interest rates,
169
–170

international crime,
3

International Crisis Group,
183

International Labor Organization,
99
,
129

International Military Education and Training (IMET) program (U.S.),
116
,
172

International Monetary Fund,
138

international organizations,
7
,
59
,
66
,
129

   aid criteria of,
171
–172

   Myanmar’s low ranking by,
167
See also
United Nations

International Red Cross,
129

international relations.
See
foreign relations

international reserves,
165

International Security Act of 1978 (U.S.),
118

Internet,
137

investments.
See
capital

Irrawaddy Chao Phraya, Mekong

Economic Strategy Group (ACMEC),
95

Irrawaddy Delta,
2
,
32

Irrawaddy Flotilla Company,
31

Irrawaddy River,
28

irrigation,
52
,
121
,
170

Islam.
See
Muslims

Israel,
55
,
110
,
161

jade,
6
,
31
,
76
,
112

   U.S. import sanctions on,
115

Japan,
4
,
120
,
161

   Burma/Myanmar 1988 economic reforms and,
98
–99

   Burma/Myanmar economic assistance from,
66
,
99
,
124
,
126
,
172
,
175

   Burma/Myanmar relations with,
124
–126,
138

   World War II Burmese policy of,
5
,
6
,
32
,
36
–38,
41
,
74
,
123
,
124

Johns Hopkins University,
48

judiciary,
53
,
60
,
61
,
154

   constitution of 1974 and,
70

   constitution of 2008 and,
146

   coup of 1962 and,
63
,
69

   SLORC/SPDC suppression of,
128
,
129
,
162

junta.
See
military government

   SLORC/SPDC

Kachin (ethnic group),
xxiv
,
23
,
57