Burning the Page: The eBook revolution and the future of reading (16 page)

When I speak of Reading 2.0, I’m using a metaphor from Silicon Valley. The first release of a software product is Version 1.0, the second is 2.0, and so on.

Reading 1.0 is the experience we’re all familiar with: reading a print book from the title page to the author bio at the back. That experience hasn’t changed much in thousands of years, not even since Gutenberg’s printing press. Reading is still a linear experience, a static experience. Whether you read a clay tablet or a scroll, you read in one direction—from the start to the end of the text.

But now, we’re at the threshold of Reading 2.0, a seismic shift, because with this development, reading is no longer linear, no longer static.

Although the idea of nonlinear, weblike reading was discussed as early as 1945 by Vannevar Bush, a computer theorist at MIT, it wasn’t until the advent of hypertext and the web in the late 1980s and early 1990s that we saw the first glimmering of this new form, where we could jump around within a book or in a collection of them.

Now, we already understand that ebooks can be fluid. Their content can change seamlessly as they’re updated, as the author or the publisher sends down new changes to the text. But more importantly, the texts themselves could be collections of other texts that are constantly changing. Reading could become dynamic.

The reading experience could become more social too. Ebooks allow you to interact with other readers. You can’t look at a print book and see who else is reading it and then tap their names to tweet with them about your favorite plotlines or passages. But you could with ebooks.

With all its cross-linked books, Google may be on the verge of making Reading 2.0 possible. They may do it in a number of ways. But my hope and suggestion is that they do so through an idea I have, which I call “the Facebook for Books.”

You see, I believe there’s ultimately only one book. All books, digital and physical, are part of this one book. No book exists in a vacuum. Even a book of fiction like
The
Lost
Symbol
mentions outside references. All books are linked in this tangle of intertwining roots, which you can think of as hyperlinks.

In the future, there’s going to be just one book, a vast book that includes all the others inside it, which I call the Facebook for Books. You’ll be able to start reading from any book and naturally segue into a different one, just by following a link. It could be a bibliographic link or just a link to a book that influenced the author and that’s been annotated as such by a reader like you or me. You will be able to link forward or double-back and keep reading. It’s social networking, if you will, for books.

For this to work, a critical mass of books will have to be digitized. That’s because there’s a network effect, a compounding effect. The more content you get, the more cumulative the connections are between books, and the more intertwined and rich the network becomes. A small network will only have a few books and a few connections, while a rich network will be able to link in more. Having more links provides more pieces of the puzzle, more ways of seeing how one book influences or leads to another. And ultimately, readers will have more interesting reading experiences as they follow all these links.

As a reader, you will have a richer appreciation of a book’s subject matter and different insights from multiple authors—sometimes contradictory—all just a click away and all of which give you a better appreciation of the whole. This kind of deep linking lets authors have a debate right on the page you’re reading, and you get to judge which author or which idea wins. The often-overlooked hyperlink can make this happen. I truly believe that the hyperlink was a twenty-first-century invention that was somehow discovered too early in the twentieth century, an invention we still haven’t managed to fully exploit.

Google is in a great place to make this happen. They know search engines, and they can figure out how to continually process the content of all books to make these hyperlinks, so that all the references between books are intact and up to date.

We can already see hyperlinks in the indexes and footnotes of science journals and nonfiction books, as one book bows its respectful head toward another and as one author acknowledges another. But those are just labels. They’re not yet working hyperlinks. Such bibliographies and footnotes could form the basis of explicit hyperlinks between books, although you can’t click on an entry in an ebook bibliography and go right to the destination. Not yet, at least.

But sometimes these links are more implicit than explicit. As great as William Faulkner is, for example, his writing would be nothing if not for Shakespeare and the King James Bible. In fact, cultural and literary references abound in books. This book, for example, tips its hat to Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
Battlestar
Galactica
, Samuel Beckett, Socrates, Neal Stephenson, and so many others.

But as I say, there is only one book, the book of all human culture. It should be possible to seamlessly switch between books, as opportunity permits. For example, in an early chapter I wrote how the product code names from Kindle came from characters in Neal Stephenson’s
The
Diamond
Age
. It should be possible to let readers seamlessly switch over to reading that book, right here, in the middle of this one. That’s how web browsing works, after all. If a book is compelling enough—as I hope this one is—then readers will come back after their jaunts and sojourns into other books.

Not only are all books connected, but so also is all culture. It should be possible to create a link from this book into a related
Battlestar
Galactica
episode—or at least to a clip from it to show its relationship to the current content you’re reading. There should be a hypertextual overlay across all media that lets a consumer flip from book to movie to comic book and back again, as often as the reader pleases, because there is only one book, the book of all human culture. And let me tell you, it’s a great book. But it’s so long that you’ll never finish reading it in your lifetime.

This “one book” is something that we, as readers, would enjoy having, although retailers like Apple and Amazon might object to this—especially if retailers stand to make less money by selling subscriptions to the one book than they would by selling individual books. Publishers might also object to this one book, because they might not want to link their books to one another’s.

That’s because publishers care about their brands. But let’s be honest: a publisher’s brand means little these days. Do you want to buy a Random House book, or are you more in the mood for a HarperCollins title? Is that really the question you ask yourself when you’re inside a bookstore? No. You look for a book that’s interesting, an author you love, or a subject or genre you want to explore, and you often have no idea who the publisher is. The one book I envision would allow this exploration to happen.

» » »

Reading 2.0, as I describe it, would give you a conversation with the book and with other readers, as well. For example, let’s say you’re a
Harry
Potter
fan. You’ve finished all the books but still want to read more. What if you could continue reading about Harry and Voldemort? The feature I’m describing would let you continue reading stories written by others as fan fiction or essays about the
Harry
Potter
series and its cultural significance. Linked together as one book, they’d all immediately available, just one page turn away.

Linked together into one vast networked book, just like pages in the World Wide Web, networked books can inform one another. Ideas within books could be related and linked and commented upon. The comments can live on, as can the paths other people take through the books. Maybe you’ll find someone who has interesting reading habits, and you’ll follow the paths they take in the same way that you might subscribe now to someone’s blog feed.

In the same way that YouTube personalities now video-blog about the latest trends, there might be networked book mavens or rock-star book readers you want to follow. Readers can become agents and sleuths and leave inky footsteps behind them as they roam through millions of books. We can follow each other’s trails, like veins of copper or maybe gold.

Google will figure out how to monetize all the world’s books, in the same way they already make money from you, whether or not you explicitly pay them for anything. You’re a gold mine of data to Google, and they already mine your browsing history and chats and every email you care to send or receive using Gmail. They’re creating a genome about you and about everyone else. And of course, yes, they’re going to use this data for inevitable advertising purposes, which, after all, is how Google makes most of its money.

But if you’re willing to overlook the fact that Big Brother won’t be a politician but an ad man and that he’ll have the face of Google, and you’re willing to experiment with the future as an early adopter, then you should take a chance on Google. Because the future of reading belongs to Reading 2.0. And as hard as it may be to see it now, Google seems to be in the best position to build that future.

Not only do they have about the same number of ebooks available as Apple and Amazon and other retailers, but according to a legal affidavit they submitted as part of a recent court case, they have also scanned in twelve million volumes as part of the Google Book project, and they add five thousand more books a day. Google has digitized more of human culture than any other retailer or library. And when it comes to creating a rich network of books, it’s the breadth and depth of content that matter.

And you, as a reader, are the one who benefits the most.

You’ll get all the books you ever wanted to read in one endless, insatiable buffet. You’ll be able to skip and dance from book to book. As it is now, the only textual links in ebooks come from dictionary or Wikipedia overlays, which are a good start but insufficient to encompass the majesty of all human exuberance, art, creation, and imagination. You’ll get all books in one reading experience, and if Google is behind this, it might even be free—except, of course, for pesky ads on the bottom of every page.