Cane (24 page)
Authors: Jean Toomer
73.
David Levering Lewis,
W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race
(New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1993), 174.
74.
W. E. B. Du Bois: Writings,
651.
75.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 91.
76.
Ibid., 93.
77.
Ibid., 93.
78.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 69.
79.
Ibid., 69.
80.
Alfred Kreymborg,
Our Singing Strength
(New York: Coward-McCann, 1929), 575.
81.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 111.
82.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 71.
83.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 112.
84.
Ibid., 113.
85.
Leonard Harris and Charles Molesworth,
Alain L. Locke: The Biography of a Philosopher
(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2008), 171. Toomer’s correspondence with Georgia Douglas Johnson and Alain Locke reveals a level of familiarity absent in his autobiographical writings. For Toomer’s correspondence with Douglas Johnson and Locke, see
The Letters of Jean Toomer, 1919–1924
(Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 2006), edited by Mark Whalan. See also George Hutchinson’s “Jean Toomer and the ‘New Negroes of Washington,’” in
American Literature
63 (December 1991).
86.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 94.
87.
Alain L. Locke: The Biography of a Philosopher
, 175.
88.
Ibid., 175.
89.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 114.
90.
Ibid., 114.
91.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 114.
92.
Ibid., 114–15.
93.
Ibid., 116.
94.
Ibid., 116.
95.
Ibid., 89.
96.
Ibid., 23.
97.
Ibid., 118.
98.
Ibid., 117.
99.
Ibid., 117.
100.
Ibid., 117.
101.
Ibid., 122.
102.
Ibid., 122.
103.
Ibid., 123.
104.
Ibid., 123.
105.
The history of the Sparta Agricultural and Industrial Institute and its founder, Linton Stephens Ingraham, is derived from online sources composed of articles from the
Atlanta Constitution
and the
Augusta Chronicle
assembled by Eileen B. McAdams (2005). Ingraham died on September 20, 1935, after which his wife, Anna Turner Ingraham, became principal. The institute eventually became L. H. Ingraham High School. In addition to these sources, we recommend the overview of Sparta, Georgia, that appears in Charles Scruggs and Lee Van-Demarr’s
Jean Toomer and the Terror of American History
(Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), 8–32. We also recommend Barbara Foley’s “Jean Toomer’s Sparta” in
American Literature
67.4 (December 1995).
106.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 81.
107.
Jean Toomer,
Natalie Mann
, in
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 290.
108.
Ibid., 57.
109.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 84.
110.
Ibid., 84.
111.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 123.
112.
Jean Toomer,
Cane
,
A Norton Critical Edition
, ed. Darwin T. Turner (New York: Norton, 1988), 14.
113.
Ibid., 14.
114.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 123.
115.
Ibid., 124.
116.
Ibid., 124.
117.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 125.
118.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 88.
119.
Ibid., 88.
120.
Ibid., 92.
121.
Alain L. Locke: The Biography of a Philosopher
, 173.
122.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 89.
123.
Ibid., 89.
124.
Ibid., 91.
125.
Jean Toomer to Waldo Frank, December 12, 1922.
126.
Jean Toomer to Waldo Frank, December 12, 1922, Norton Critical Edition of
Cane
(1988), 152.
127.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 126.
128.
Ibid., 126.
129.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 105.
130.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 124.
131.
Robert Littell,
“Cane,” New Republic
37 (December 26, 1923): 126.
132.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 108.
133.
Ibid., 108–09.
134.
William Stanley Braithwaite, “The Negro in American Literature,”
The New Negro
, ed. Alain Locke. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1925; 1992), 44.
135.
Arnold Rampersad,
The Life of Langston Hughes Volume I: 1902–1941; I, Too, Sing America
(New York: Oxford University Press), 152–53; Valerie Boyd,
Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston
(New York: Scribner Books, 2003), 151;
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 182.
136.
Arna Bontemps, “Introduction,”
Cane
(New York: Harper & Row, 1923; 1969).
137.
Darwin T. Turner, “Introduction,”
Cane
(New York: Boni & Liveright, 1975); Norton Critical Edition of
Cane
(1988), 133.
138.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 127.
139.
Ibid., 124.
140.
Waldo Frank, “Foreword,”
Cane
(New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923) as reprinted in the Norton Critical Edition of
Cane
(1988), 138 and 140.
141.
Ibid., 138–39.
142.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 125.
143.
Ibid., 125–26.
144.
Ibid., 126.
145.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 112.
146.
Jean Toomer to Horace Liveright, September 23, 1923, Norton Critical Edition of
Cane
(1988), 156–57.
147.
Ibid., 156–57.
148.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 132.
149.
Ibid., 132.
150.
Ibid., 131.
151.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 115.
152.
Ibid., 112.
153.
Laurie Lisle,
Portrait of an Artist: A Biography of Georgia O’Keefe
(New York: Seaview Books, 1981), 260–65.
154.
The Lives of Jean Toomer,
69.
155.
Ibid., 199.
156.
Ibid., 202.
157.
Frederick L. Rusch,
A Jean Toomer Reader: Selected and Unpublished Writings
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 105.
158.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 84.
159.
Ibid., 93.
160.
Ibid., 127.
161.
Ibid., 11–12.
162.
Barbara Foley, “Jean Toomer’s Washington and the Politics of Class,”
Modern Fiction Studies
42.2 (1996): 289.
163.
Ibid., 313.
164.
Kerman and Eldridge,
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 89.
165.
Ibid., 90.
166.
“Toomer,” from
Crave Radiance: New and Selected Poems 1990–2010
. Copyright © 2010 by Elizabeth Alexander. Reprinted by permission of Graywolf Press and the author.
167.
The Wayward and the Seeking
, 93.
168.
The Lives of Jean Toomer
, 115.
169.
Alice Walker, “The Divided Life of Jean Toomer,” in
In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich, 1983), 65.
