Capitol Men (76 page)

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 "
Another of the South Carolina Thieves": Charleston News & Courier,
Aug. 13, 1884; a far more appropriate eulogy came from Frederick Douglass, who said of Elliott: "Living as I have in an atmosphere of doubt and disparagement of the abilities of the colored race, Robert B. Elliott was to me a most grateful surprise, and in fact a marvel. Upon sight and hearing of this man I was chained to the spot with admiration and a feeling akin to wonder ... To all outward seeming he might have been an ordinary Negro, one who might have delved, as I have done, with spade and pickax or crowbar. Yet from under that dark brow there blazed an intellect and a soul that made him for high places among the ablest white men of the age ... We are not over rich in such men and we may well mourn when one such is fallen in the midst of his years." Lamson, Peggy, p. 289.
The two men apparently had a falling out:
Simmons, pp. 471–72; Smith, p. 60.
Pinchback, however, remained a political figure:
P.B.S. Pinchback to Blanche K. Bruce, Mar. 22, 1879; Blanche K. Bruce Papers, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University.
Ex-president Grant visited New Orleans in 1880:
Pinchback mellowed over the years but was never a pushover. When in early 1880 the black newspaper editor George T. Ruby ran an item in his paper, the
Observer,
suggesting that Pinchback did not deserve a patronage post because of alleged links to organized gambling, Pinchback was livid. Calling Ruby "a cowardly cur," "a vile wretch," "a slanderer," and "a sychophantic fraud," Pinchback accused him of blemishing the reputation of an innocent family (his own) and trying to increase, by cheap tactics, the circulation of the
Observer.
Two weeks later he announced in the
Louisianian
that he had upbraided the "cowardly malingerer ... in a public thoroughfare" and would not hesitate "to rid this community of his worthless presence" but that Ruby was so low a character to do so "would render it extremely disgraceful for me to take any further notice of him."
Louisianian,
Feb. 21, 1880, and Mar. 6, 1880.
Like many others of his generation:
P.B.S. Pinchback to Blanche K. Bruce, Mar. 22, 1879; Blanche K. Bruce Papers.

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For Pinchback, one last tenet of a cherished era collapsed:
Fischer, "A Pioneer Protest: The New Orleans Street Car Controversy of 1867,"
Journal of Negro History
.
"In doing all this, my grandfather":
Toomer, p. 26.

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 "
Negro Who Held State Office": New Orleans Daily Picayune,
Dec. 22, 1921.
"
Why does not Mr. Lynch write a magazine article":
James Ford Rhodes to George A. Myers, Apr. 5, 1917, in Myers, pp. 42–43.
"
I regret to say that, so far as the Reconstruction period":
Lynch, "Some Historical Errors of James Ford Rhodes,"
Journal of Negro History.

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 "
I think one of your mistakes was made":
George A. Myers to James Ford Rhodes, Nov. 21, 1917, in Myers, pp. 73–74.
To Bowers, a veteran author:
Bowers's far more nefarious literary predecessor was Thomas Dixon, the author of novels that vilified Reconstruction while glorifying the role of the Klan. Dixon's novels served as the basis for D. W. Griffith's landmark film
Birth of a Nation,
released in 1915 to thunderous acclaim but also to complaints and protests from civil rights organizations that it grossly misrepresented the era's history. For a discussion of that controversy, see Dray, pp. 190–207. For John Roy Lynch's post-Reconstruction writings and career, see John Hope Franklin's introduction to
Reminiscences of an Active Life: The Autobiography of John Roy Lynch.
While Lynch had the satisfaction:
Lynch's efforts to challenge the prevailing myths surrounding Reconstruction were joined in 1935 with the publication of W.E.B. Du Bois's
Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880,
a major study that offered the first comprehensive account of black Americans' enormous role in the social, political, economic, and philosophical life of the period. Du Bois's book did not reverse single-handedly the trend of Reconstruction historiography, although historians have long considered it seminal. Because the changes in how Reconstruction is viewed have been so dramatic, there has been extensive writing on the historiography itself. See "Reconstruction Revisited" by Eric Foner in
Reviews in American History,
vol. 10, Dec. 1982.

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 "
It can very safely be said that South Carolina": New York Times,
June 22, 1874.
The land commission had bought:
Williamson, p. 155; Foner,
Forever Free,
p. 81.

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 "
Seven men of color had a dream":
"Oh Town of Lincolnville" by Frank Dunn, in Lincolnville subject file, South Carolina Room, Charleston Public Library.

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 "
Those we talked to were devoid":
Bleser, pp. 153–54.
"
The genius of this kind of farming":
Botsch, p. 79.

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These sea islands are the homes": New York Times,
Sept. 2, 1893.
"
One of the surprising results of the Reconstruction Period":
Washington,
The Story of the Negro,
vol. 2, pp. 22–23; in Uya, p. 164.

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Invariably, the children reported to their parents: Savannah Tribune,
Mar. 6, 1915; Uya, p. 162. Smalls died on February 22, 1915, and was buried next to the A.M.E. church on Craven Street. His funeral, enlivened by the music of Allen's Brass Band, which had often accompanied him on his political campaigns, was said to be the largest ever held in Beaufort.

Books

Abbott, Martin.
The Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina, 1865–1872.
University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1967

Allen, Walter.
Governor Chamberlain's Administration in South Carolina.
Negro Universities Press, New York, 1969; originally published 1888

Ambrose, Stephen.
Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point.
Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1966

Ames, Blanche Butler.
Adelbert Ames, 1835–1933.
MacDonald, London, 1964

———.
Chronicles from the Nineteenth Century: Family Letters of Blanche Butler and Adelbert Ames.
Clinton, Massachusetts, 1957

Aptheker, Herbert.
To Be Free: Studies in American Negro History.
International Publishers, New York, 1948

Asbury, Herbert.
The French Quarter: An Informal History of the New Orleans Underworld.
Pocket Books edition, New York, 1949; originally published 1936

Athearn, Robert G.
In Search of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas 1879–80.
Regents Press of Kansas, Lawrence, 1978

Avary, Myrta Lockett.
Dixie After the War.
Doubleday, Page, New York, 1906

Ball, William W.
The State That Forgot: South Carolina's Surrender to Democracy.
Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis 1932

Barry, David'S.
Forty Years in Washington.
Little, Brown, Boston, 1924

Bleser, Carol K.
The Promised Land: The History of the South Carolina Land Commission: 1869–1890.
University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, 1965

Blight, David W.
Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2001

Botsch, Carol'S.
African-Americans and the Palmetto State.
South Carolina State Department of Education publication, Columbia, 1994

Bowers, Claude G.
The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln.
Blue Ribbon Books, New York, 1929

Brodie, Fawn M.
Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South.
W. W. Norton & Co., New York, 1966; originally published 1959

Brown, Richard.
Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of Violence and Vigilantism.
Oxford University Press, New York, 1975

Brown, Thomas J., editor.
Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States.
Oxford University Press, New York, 2006

Brown, William Wells.
My Southern Home.
A. G. Brown, Boston, 1880

———.
The Negro in the American Rebellion.
Lee & Shepard, Boston, 1867

Bruce, Henry C.
The New Man: 29 Years a Slave, 29 Years a Free Man.
P. Anstadt and Sons, York, Pennsylvania, 1895

Buck, Paul H.
The Road to Reunion: 1865–1900.
Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1937

Canfield, Cass.
The Iron Will of Jefferson Davis.
Harcourt, Brace, Javonovich, New York, 1978

Capers, Gerald M.
Occupied City: New Orleans Under the Federals, 1862–1865.
University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, 1965

Carney, Judith A.
Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in America.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2001

Carroll, Peter, and David Noble.
The Free and the Unfree.
Penguin Books, New York, 1977

Christopher, Maurine.
America's Black Congressmen.
Crowell & Co., New York, 1971

Clark, E. Culpepper.
Francis W. Dawson and the Politics of Restoration: South Carolina, 1874–1889.
University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, 1980

Clay, William L.
Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991.
Amistad, New York, 1992

Cleveland, Henry.
Alexander H. Stephens, in Public and Private.
National Publishing Co., Philadelphia, 1866

Collins, Gail.
America's Women.
HarperCollins, New York, 2003

Current, Richard Nelson.
Those Terrible Carpetbaggers: A Reinterpretation.
Oxford University Press, New York, 1988

———.
Three Carpetbag Governors.
Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1967

Dawson, Joseph G. III.
Army Generals and Reconstruction: Louisiana, 1862–1877.
Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1982

De Forest, John William.
Miss Ravenel's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty.
Penguin Books, New York, 2000; originally published 1867

———.
A Union Officer in the Reconstruction.
Yale University Press, New Haven, 1948

Devol, George.
Forty Years a Gambler on the Mississippi.
Johnson Reprint Corp., New York, 1968; originally published 1926

Dodd, Dorothy.
Henry J. Raymond and the New York Times During Reconstruction.
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1933

Donald, David Herbert.
Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War.
Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1960

———.
Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man.
Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1970

———.
Liberty and Union.
Little, Brown, Boston, 1978

Douglass, Frederick.
Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings.
Philip'S. Foner, editor; Lawrence Hill Books, Chicago, 1999; originally published 1950

———.
The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass.
Gramercy Books, New York, 1993

———.
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass.
Philip'S. Foner, editor; International Publishers, New York, 1950–75

Dray, Philip.
At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America.
Random House, New York, 2002

Du Bois, W.E.B.
Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880.
The Free Press, New York, 1992; originally published 1935

Durden, Robert F.
James Shepherd Pike: Republicanism and the American Negro,
1850–1882.
Duke University Press, Durham, 1957

Eaton, John.
Grant, Lincoln, and the Freedmen: Reminiscences of the Civil War.
Negro University Press, New York, 1969; originally published 1907

Elkins, Stanley, and Erick McKitrick, editors.
The Hofstadter Aegis: A Memorial.
Knopf, New York, 1974

Ellis, John B.
Sights and Secrets of the National Capitol.
U.S. Publishing Co., New York, 1871

Fleetwood, Christian A.
The Negro as a Soldier.
Howard University Printing, Washington, D.C., 1895

Fleming, Walter L.
The Freedmen's Savings Bank.
Negro University Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1970; originally published 1927

Flipper, Henry O.
The Colored Cadet at West Point: The Autobiography of Lt. Henry O. Flipper.
Homer & Lee, New York, 1878

Foner, Eric.
A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863–1877.
Harper & Row, New York, 1990

———.
Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction.
Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2005

———.
Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction.
Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1996

Foner, Eric, and Olivia Mahoney.
America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War.
HarperCollins, New York, 1995

Forten, Charlotte L.
The Journal of Charlotte L. Forten: A Free Negro in the Slave Era.
W. W. Norton, New York, 1981; originally published 1953

Franklin, John Hope.
Race and History: Selected Essays 1938–1988.
Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1989

Fry, Gladys-Marie.
Night Riders in Black Folk History.
University of Georgia Press, Athens, 1991; originally published 1975

Garner, James.
Reconstruction in Mississippi.
Peter Smith, Gloucester, Massachusetts, 1964

Gatewood, Willard B.
Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880–1920.
Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1993; originally published 1990

Gillette, William.
Retreat from Reconstruction 1869–1879.
Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1979

Goldsmith, Barbara.
Other Powers: The Age of Suffrage, Spiritualism, and the Scandalous Victoria Woodhull.
Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1998