Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs (64 page)

195
Bruce Alexander,
Peaceful Measures
, 32; Emily Murphy,
The Black Candle
, 188–89.

196
Murphy,
Black Candle
, 5.

197
Huang,
Charlie Chan
, 124.

198
Tong,
Chinese Americans
, 81.

199
Jefferson M. Fish, ed.,
How To Legalize Drugs
, 244.

200
Anslinger,
Protectors
, 79.

201
Albarelli,
Terrible Mistake
, 392.

202
Clarke,
Billie Holiday: Wishing on the Moon
, 296. Holiday,
Lady Sings the Blues
, 160–61. Anslinger, Protectors, 80. Some of the details of this account are disputed in Albarelli,
Terrible Mistake
, 402–3. He says the victim was Chinese, not Japanese, and that he was shot, not strangled.

203
Blackburn,
With Billie
, 219.

204
Ibid., 220.

205
Valentine interview.

206
Albarelli,
Terrible Mistake
, 394.

207
Julia Blackburn archive, Box 18, Linda Kuehl notes 1.

208
Julia Blackburn archive, Box 18, Linda Kuehl notes 1, George White section.

209
Maely (Dufty) Lewis,
Killer Jazz
, 3, as provided by Bevan Dufty. See also George White archives, box 1, folder 12; Vail,
Lady Day’s Diary
, 118; Nicholson,
Billie Holiday
, 173.

210
George White archives, box 1, folder 12; Maely (Dufty) Lewis,
Killer Jazz
, 3.

211
Yolande Bavan interview.

212
George White archives, box 1, folder 12.

213
Holiday,
Lady Sings the Blues
, 159–63.

214
Vail,
Lady Day’s Diary
, 119. Maely Dufty disagreed with this—she recalled that Billie was using at this time, and said she had found heroin on her, and she did go into withdrawal that night.
Killer Jazz
, 4.

215
Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shlain,
Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion
, 32–33.

216
This was often (but not always) at the behest of the CIA, as part of their MK-ULTRA program to discover a “truth drug” that could be used on their enemies. This is one of the oddest little stories I came across, and worth reading about. If it wasn’t so well documented I would assume it was a paranoid Cold War fantasy. See Douglas Valentine,
The Strength of the Pack
, 16–18, 346–50. See also Albarelli,
Terrible Mistake
, 216–22, 435, 237–41, 279, 379–81. White’s behavior aroused suspicion within the CIA itself: see 279–81, 289–90, 412. He continued spiking women for years: see 427. The CIA compiled a list of his known victims in the late 1970s when MK-ULTRA became a scandal; see Albarelli,
Terrible Mistake
, 578–79.

217
Albarelli,
Terrible Mistake
, 279.

218
Ibid., 290.

219
McWilliams,
Protectors
, 168. Lee and Shlain,
Acid Dreams
, 35.

220
Nicholson,
Billie Holiday
, 174.

221
Maely (Dufty) Lewis,
Killer Jazz
, 4.

222
There’s an important account of this trial in “He’s My Man! Lyrics of Innocence and Betrayal in the People vs Billie Holiday” by Sarah Ramshaw of Queen’s University, Belfast, published in
Canadian Journal of Women and the Law
87, 2004, accessed at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2041361 on March 14, 2013.

223
Anslinger,
Protectors
, 157.

224
Clarke,
Billie Holiday:
Wishing on the Moon
, 433; White,
Billie Holiday
, 110–11. Vail,
Lady Day’s Diary
, 204. Chilton,
Billie’s Blues
, 193.

225
Maely Dufty files, “Introduction”; Nicholson,
Billie Holiday
, 223.

226
Maely Dufty files, “Introduction.”

227
Clarke,
Billie Holiday: Wishing on the Moon
, 434.

228
Vail,
Lady Day’s Diary
, 205.

229
White,
Billie Holiday
, 109–10. See also Julia Blackburn archives, box 18, Linda Kuehl notes, vol. VIII, interview with Dr. Kurt Altman for the Arena documentary; see also William Dufty, “The True Story of Billie Holiday,” article 3,
New York Post
series, Julia Blackburn archive, box 18, file VII.

230
Blackburn,
With Billie
, 297.

231
Maely Dufty files, “Introduction.”

232
Chilton,
Billie’s Blues
, 194.

233
Maely Dufty files, “Introduction.”

234
Clarke,
Billie Holiday: Wishing on the Moon
, 440.

235
Blackburn,
With Billie
, 296.

236
Davenport-Hines,
Pursuit of Oblivion
, 275, 282.

237
Eugene Callender interview.

238
Blackburn,
With Billie
, 296.

239
Annie Ross interview.

240
Maely Dufty, “Introduction.”

241
Clarke,
Billie Holiday: Wishing on the Moon
, 442. Some of her earlier biographers disputed the claim she was using heroin in the last period of her life. See Chilton,
Billie’s Blues
, 193.

242
BBC documentary
The Long Night of Lady Day
.

243
BBC “Reputations”
documentary
Billie Holiday: Sensational Lady
.

244
Eugene Callender interview.

245
Blackburn,
With Billie
, 298.

246
Clarke,
Billie Holiday: Wishing on the Moon
, 438.

247
Holiday,
Lady Sings the Blues
, 126.

248
Ibid., 132.

249
Blackburn,
With Billie
, 253; Julia Blackburn archives, box 18, Linda Kuehl file 1, Memry Midgett interview.

250
BBC “Reputations”
documentary
Billie Holiday: Sensational Lady
.

251
Dufty piece for
New York Post
, Julia Blackburn archives, box 18.

252
Eugene Callender interview.

253
Anslinger,
Protectors
, 157.

254
Anslinger archive, box 1, file 14, poem titled “L’Envoie.”

Chapter 2: Sunshine and Weaklings

1
Henry Smith Williams is mentioned in passing in
Reefer Madness
, so we know Larry Sloman read him; and there are a few academic articles about the Smith Williams brothers.

2
This description of HSW is based on the images of him that appear on Google Images, e.g. http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?q=henry+smith+williams&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1175&bih=618&tbm=isch&tbnid=VuZQj3kCGqlkwM:&imgrefurl=http://www.librarything.com/author/williamshenrysmith&docid=3-CWdRI5IGZ6yM&imgurl=http://pics.librarything.com/picsizes/a1/0b/a10b615c5a2c06d6370664541514331414f6744.jpg&w=162&h=242&ei=GhqIUPPHJ-y10QW7yYG4BQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=366&si g=109334892739419133305&page=1&tbnh=140&tbn w=93&start=0&ndsp=24& ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:78&tx=47&ty=67, accessed October 25, 2012.

3
Henry Smith Williams, Drugs Against Men, ix.

4
Ibid., 74.

5
Henry Smith Williams,
Survival of the Fittest
, 35; Henry Smith Williams,
Adding Years to Your Life
, 111–13.

6
This is the central premise of all of Henry Smith Williams,
Drug Addicts Are Human Beings
.

7
E. H. Williams,
Opiate Addiction: Its Handling and Treatment
; see also http://www.bhrm.org/papers/1920-1941.pdf, accessed May 23, 2013.

8
Williams,
Drug Addicts
, 149.

9
See chapters 3 and 22 of Williams,
Drug Addicts
.

10
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1655029/pdf/calwestmed00219-0042.pdf, accessed May 4, 2014.

11
Williams,
Drug Addicts
, iii.

12
William L. White,
Slaying the Dragon: The History of Addiction Treatment and Recovery in America
, 120.

13
Musto,
American Disease
, 94.

14
http://www.cracked.com/article_15669_the-10-most-insane-medical-practices-in-history.html, accessed May 4, 2014.

15
Robert J. MacCoun and Peter Reuter, eds.,
Drug War Heresies
, 197.

16
Williams,
Drug Addicts
, 17, 49.

17
Williams,
Drugs Against Men
, xii.

18
Williams,
Drug Addicts
, 15. Miller,
Case for Legalizing Drugs
, 6.

19
Richard DeGrandpre,
The Cult of Pharmacology: How America Became the World’s Most Troubled Drug Culture
, 126. Ibid., 104.

20
King,
Drug Hang-Up
, 18–19.

21
Williams,
Drug Addicts
, 9.

22
Ibid., 11; King,
Drug Hang-Up
, 65.

23
Williams,
Drug Addicts
, 12.

24
Ibid., xviii; Hickman,
Secret Leprosy
, 121–24; King,
Drug Hang-Up
, 33–34, 40; Wright,
Case for Legalizing Drugs
, 93.

25
Williams,
Drug Addicts
, 24.

26
Caroline Jean Acker and Sarah W. Tracey, eds.,
Altering American Consciousness
, 231.

27
Anslinger,
Protectors
, 48–49.

28
Erlen and Spillane,
Federal Drug Control
, 127.

29
Acker and Tracey,
Altering American Consciousness
, 230; Bonnie and Whitebread,
Marijuana Conviction
, 100–101.

30
Williams,
Drug Addicts
, 37.

31
Musto,
American Disease
, 178.

32
Williams,
Drug Addicts
, 70.