Choque: The Untold Story of Jiu-Jitsu in Brazil 1856-1949 (Volume 1) (62 page)

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Appendix 4 Notes

Chapte
r
Notes

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Dates are written Day-Mont
h-Year. For example,
O Paiz
24-4-35 means the reference is to the newspaper
O Paiz
April 24, 1935.

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.
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Preface

1. The importance of not relying excessively on a single individual’s testimony or memory is highlighted by the examples of three otherwise val
uable academic dissertations. Souza (2010, p. 59), citing various sources including Jose Yamashiro and Stanlei Virgilio, mentions the names of several early Japanese visitors who might have initiated the spread of jiu-jitsu in Brazil, such as Takezo Mamizuka and “Sakuzo Miura”. Unfortunately, from the subsequent discussion it is clear that “Sakuzo Miura” must have been Sada Miyako. The sources of this confusion might have been thinking of Fumio Miura, a Japanese diplomat (
secretario da Embaixado Imperial do Japão
) in 1935 who on several occasions was quoted in the press about the subject of judo, and was accordingly associated with jiu-jitsu and Conde Koma (
Diario de Noticias
24-11-35). Thus, additional assertions about “Miura”, all unsourced, can only be taken as speculative at best (since it isn’t clear exactly who the referenced individual is).

According to Nunes (2011, p. 54) Carlos Gracie was taught by Conde Koma’s student Jacyntho Ferro. Jacyntho Ferro was indeed a student of Conde Koma, but it has not been established when he began. Jose Cairus’ 2010 dissertation provides some useful information about Maeda, and some about Jacyntho Ferro. Ferro gave an interview in 1920 where he recalled beginning his “long acquaintance” with Maeda in October of 1915 (Cairus, 2010, p. 90, citing an April 8, 1920 interview in
Folha do Norte
, Belém). As to whether Carlos Gracie actually studied with Conde Koma, Cairus trusts Carlos Gracie’s own testimony (Cairus 2010, p. 112). Similarly, Carlos’ instruction at the hands of Jacyntho Ferro is speculation, based on “Gracie family sources” namely Reila Gracie’s (2008) book, specifically the one unsupported reference to Ferro on page 39. Reila Gracie in turn relied on what Carlos told his children and journalist Jose Geraldo (in 1958) about his childhood―or rather what they recalled him telling them (Gracie 2008, p. 25).

2.
Diario de Noticias
10-3-40.

3.
Diario de Noticias
24-3-40.

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Chapter 1

1856-1899

1.   
   Mandell 1984 chp. 7. Different “schools” of physical culture arose in the various European countries, each with its own set of desiderata and objectives. Lopes (2000) points out that the first clubs in Brazil were organized, by foreigners and foreign educated Brazilian elites, around cricket and rowing. Football was not at the time regarded as sufficiently “masculine.” Brazilian adoption of one or another “fight” as sports or genres of physical culture followed European and North American trends.
   
2.  
   Mandell 1984, chp. 8; Hargreaves 1986.
   
3.  
   Correio Mercantil
   14-12-1856. [“
   Este divertimento sendo para recreio das familias, não admittirá pessoa alguma que não esteja decentemente vestida
   ”].
   
4. Conrad 1983.
   
5.  
   Correio Paulistano
   13-10-1863.
   

6.
Gazeta de Noticias
1-11-68.

7. Also written lucta romana, luta (or lucta) Greco-romana, and grego-romana.

8. According to Le Floc’hmoan 1965, cited in Gutiérrez & Esparteiro 2004.

9.
Correio Mercantil
14-12-1856.

10.
Correio Mercantil
2-12-1857.

11
. Assalto
originally referred to the entire match, but later came to mean distinct periods within the match, analogous to the acts in a play. (Mandell 1984 pp. 148) comments that the people who watched the first variety show and circus fights were theater patrons, and expected a performance to be broken up into sections, heightening the dramatic tension.
Breaks between rounds also served to lengthen the performance.

12.
Diario do Rio de Janeiro
7-6-1862.

13.
Correio Paulistano
13-10-1863.

14
. Correio Mercantil
31-1-1864.

15.
Correio Mercantil
1-11-1864. [“
a Grande e Extraordinario Assalto de Armas , pelos artistas Francezes, Hespanholes, e Portuguezes. Haveá jogo de florete, espada, savate, luta romana, jogo de savate por M. Felippe e um amador, jogo de socco, e finalmente irá o grande jogo de pao portuguez. From 2:30 se não chover. Espectaculo variado: equestre, gymnastico, acrobatico, deslocacoes, equilibrios, dansas
”].

16.
Correio do Brasil
17-12-1872.

17.
Gazeta de Noticias
6-9-1879. [“
o qual desde já desafia ao homem mais forte, dando lhe, se o vencer, 400$ Inscreveram-se para competir com elle este noite os afamados Hercules Henrique o Grego, e Carlos Donadei
”].

18.
Gazeta de Noticias
7-9-1879.

19.
Gazeta de Noticias
15-9-1879.

20.
Gazeta de Noticias
18-9-1879.

21.
Gazeta de Noticias
19-10-1879.

22.
Publicador Maranhense
24-12-1879.

23.
Gazete de Tarde
4-8-1881.

24.
Gazeta de Noticias
12-11-1881.

25.
Pharol
20-5-1882.

26.
Pharol
28-5-1882.

27.
Gazeta de Noticias
15-4-1882.

28.
Diario do Brazil
28-9-84.

29.
Gazeta de Noticias
24-8-1887.

30.
Gazeta de Noticias
20-4-1890.

31.
Gazeta de Noticias
23-5-1890. [“
convida alguem homem de força ou lutador do proffisão a medir-se com elle em luta, dando-Ihe en grande premio se o deitar por terra, Segundo a regra da luta romana
.” F. Cantoni was the director and owner of the circus [
director propriatario do circo
]. C. da Silva was the promoter [
emprezario
].

32.
Diario do Commercio
11-6-1890; G
azete de Noticias
13-6-1890.

33.
O Paiz
13-6-1890; 15-6-1890;
Gazeta de Noticias
15-6-1890. Otto’s family name was also written as Schönhew and Schonherr.

34.
Gazeta de Noticias
25-6-1890.

35. In
North America in 1903, “nearly 100 circuses roamed the nation” (Davis, 2008, p. 168). They traveled by rail and ship. South American cities such as Buenas Aires, Montevideo, and Rio, any large coastal city for that matter, were highly accessible by sea.

36.
O Paiz
15-9-1891;
Novidades
18-9-1891; 26-9-1891;
O Paiz
19-9-1891.

37.
O Paiz
4-12-1894.

38. The challenger’s name was written Mac Sham in a news item, Mac Lhmam [
sic
] in an advertisement, both in
O Paiz
17-12-1894, and Max Lehmam in
Diario de Noticias
18-12-1894.

39.
Correio da Tarde
12-2-1895;
23-2-95. [“
comidas frias, leite de minas, vinhos Italianos, chocolate, and mingau, o que poderá haver de bom em café de 1
st
ordem
”].

40.
Gazete de Tarde
13-9-97.

41.
Hampton 1970.

42.
Gazete da Tarde
5-10-97.

43.
Gazete da Tarde
18-1-98. 26-1-98.

44.
Gazete da Tarde
3-3-98.

45.
Gazeta da Tarde
3-9-98.

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Chapter 2

1900-1908

1.
O Paiz
28-4-01;
Gazeta de Noticias
9-5-01.

2. O Paiz
1-5-01;
Gazete da Tarde
1-5-01.

3.
O Paiz
(2-5-01) described the cause of death as “
syncope cardiaca
”.
O Paiz
(6-5-01) described it as “
uma lesão cardiaca
”. Whatever the official cause of death was, it was related to his heart and he died quickly.
By coincidence, Loriot was the editor and caricaturist of the newspaper
L’Italia
and had been selected by Paschoal Segreto to take over the direction of
café chantant
de Santos. He was also known as an excellent fencer (
Gazeta de Noticias
2-5-01).

4.
O Paiz
7-5-01.

5.
O Seculo
5-10-06.

6.
O Paiz 1
3-8-07.

7.
O Paiz
15-8-07.

8.
O Paiz
21-8-07.

9.
Cairus 2011, p. 117, notes that “there are accounts about a certain Takezawa Manji, a Japanese martial artist hired to instruct the imperial guard of Brazil’s last emperor Pedro II”. Information about Takezawa Manji is non longer available at the source Cairus cited, but in any case, it does not seem that jiu-jitsu became popular in Brazil as a result. Takezawa Manji may be the same person referred to by Souza (2010, p. 59) as Takezo Mamizuka.

10.
Cortazzi 1987; Huffman 2003.

11.
The Brazilian Review
9-4-01;
Correia da Manhã
3-7-03.

12.
Correio da Manhã
1-8-03. Oliveira Lima also served in Washington D.C., London, Berlin, and Venezuela.

13. Olivera Lima’s reference to jiu-jitsu is cited in Cairus 2011, p. 105.

14. Norman 1905.

15. Hancock 1903, 1904-a, 1904-b; Hancock 1905; Hancock & Higashi 1906;
Norman 1905, O’Brien 1905; Skinner 1904.

16. Okada 2010.

17.
Correio do Norte
22-6-06; 24-6-06; 27-6-06; 29-6-06.

18. Hancock (1903, p. 2) incorrectly translated “jiu-jitsu” as muscle breaking”. (Juu-Jutsu (in J
apanese)
,
柔
術
can be literally translated in a number of ways
.柔
an
d術
are bound morphemes, meaning that they occur only in combinations (when they are pronounced as “juu” and “jutsu” respectively). Separately
,柔
is pronounced “
yawa”
as in
“yawarakaii”
(
柔らか
い
) and means “flexible, not firm, not stiff”
.術
(
waza
) means technique, method, a way to do something, a skill. Together they are pronounced juu-jutsu (vowel length is phonemic in Japanese; “uu” indicates that the “u” sound is held twice as long. Any word can have any meaning as long as the people using it agree on what it is, but in Japa
n
柔
術
has never meant “muscle breaking”.

19.
A Noite
13-8-12.

20. Mandell, pp. 184-185, 189.

21.
Valer tudo
,
valendo tudo
, and later
vale tudo
. Literally, “everything permitted,” but there were in fact many restrictions. George Gracie versus Tico Soledade in 1933 was considered to be the first
valendo tudo
fight (later called
vale tudo
).

22.
Gazeta de Noticias
19-12-09.

23.
A Illustração Brazileira
15-9-09, n. 8, p. 139.

24.
A Illustração Brazileira
1-6-10, n. 25, p. 195. French words were used for most Luta Romana techniques.