Climbing Up to Glory (41 page)

Blassingame, “Before the Ghetto,” in Nieman, ed.,
Church and Community
, 13.

Montgomery,
Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree
, 299.

Lucas,
A History of Blacks in Kentucky,
1:200; Montgomery,
Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree
, 300.

Blassingame,
Black New Orleans
, 170; Henry M. Christman, ed.,
The South As It Is: 1865-1866
(By John Richard Dennett) (New York: Viking Press, 1965), 304; Herbert G. Gutman,
The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 17501925
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1976), 227-28.

Montgomery,
Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree
, 261; Berkeley, “Colored Ladies Also Contributed,” in Nieman, ed.,
Church and Community
, 337, 340.

For an excellent coverage of the black church today, consult C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya,
The Black Church in the African American Experience
(Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1990).

Lucas,
A History of Blacks in Kentucky
, 1:224-25.

Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day
, 129-32.

Taylor,
Travail and Triumph
, 13.

Frazier,
The Negro Church
, 47-48; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 93.

Edmund L. Drago,
Black Politicians and Reconstruction in Georgia: A Splendid Failure
(Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1992), 66-100.

Jacqueline Jones,
Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present
(New York: Vintage Books, 1985), 67.

Jualynne Dobson, “Nineteenth-Century A.M.E. Preaching Women: Cutting Edge of Women's Inclusion in Church Policy,” in Hilah E. Thomas and Rosemary S. Keller, eds.,
Women in New Worlds
(Nashville: Abingdon, 1981), 277-83.

Ibid., 283-85.

Jacquelyn Grant, “Black Women and the Church,” in Gloria T. Hull, Patricia B. Scott, and Barbara Smith, eds.,
All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave
(New York: The Feminist Press, 1982), 143-44.

Dobson, “Nineteenth-Century A.M.E. Preaching Women,” in Thomas and Keller, eds.,
Women in New Worlds
, 284, 285, 288.

For an excellent discussion of the trials and tribulations that African-American women preachers continue to go through in black churches, see Bettye Collier-Thomas,
Daughters of Thunder: Black Women Preachers and Their Sermons, 1850-1979
(San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998).

John Hope Franklin,
Reconstruction: After the Civil War
(Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1961), 88-92; Mary F. Berry and John W. Blassingame,
Long Memory: The Black Experience in America
(New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 152-54; John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss Jr.,
From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans
, 7th rev. ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994), 239-43; Arnold H. Taylor,
Travail and Triumph: Black Life and Culture in the South since the Civil War
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976), 15-16.

Joseph T. Glatthaar,
Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers
(New York: Meridian Books, 1990), 249; Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877
(New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 472.

See, for example, Edmund L. Drago,
Black Politicians and Reconstruction in Georgia: A Splendid Failure
(Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1992); Thomas Holt,
Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction
(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1977); Peter Kolchin,
First Freedom: The Responses of Alabama's Blacks to Emancipation and Reconstruction
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972).

Taylor,
Travail and Triumph
, 18.

W. E. B. DuBois,
Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880
(New York: Atheneum, 1969), 417-25; Kenneth M. Stampp,
The Era of Reconstruction
,
1865-1877
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), 177-80.

New York Times
, April 24, May 2, May 9, 1867;
New York Daily Tribune
, May 4, 1867; Wilbert L. Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day: African Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston
(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998), 143-45; John W. Blassingame,
Black New Orleans, 1860-1880
(Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1973), 189-90; Peter J. Rachleff,
Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865-1890
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), 42; Taylor,
Travail and Triumph
, 49.

Dorothy Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century
(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1984), 254.

Willard B. Gatewood, “The Remarkable Misses Rollin: Black Women in Reconstruction South Carolina,”
South Carolina Historical Magazine
92, no. 3 (July 1991): 172, 177.

Colin A. Palmer,
Passageways: An Interpretive History of Black America,
2 vols. (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998), 2:121.

Ruthe Winegarten,
Black Texas Women: 150 Years of Trial and Triumph
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995), 73-74.

Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters
, 363-64.

Patricia W. Romero and Willie Lee Rose, eds.,
Reminiscences of My Life: A Black Woman's Civil War Memoirs
(By Susie King Taylor) (New York: Markus Wiener, 1988), 123-24.

Winegarten,
Black Texas Women
, 71-73.

Rachleff,
Black Labor in the South
, 31-32.

Winegarten,
Black Texas Women
, 66.

Rosalyn Terborg-Penn,
African
-
American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920
(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998), 24, 26, 27, 28, 31.

For an in-depth discussion of the debate over the Fifteenth Amendment, consult Terborg-Penn,
African-American Women in the Struggle for the Vote
, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33; Ellen Carol DuBois,
Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848-1869
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980), 69-70, 166-67, 178; Paula Giddings,
When and Where I Enter
:
The Impact of Black Women and Sex in America
(New York: Bantam Books, 1984), 65-68; Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters
, 415; Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, “Discrimination against Afro-American Women in the Woman's Movement, 1830-1920,” in Sharon Harley and Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, eds.,
The Afro-American Woman: Struggles and Images
(Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1978), 20; Winegarten,
Black Texas Women
, 65-66; Bert James Loewenberg and Ruth Bogin, eds.,
Black Women in Nineteenth-Century American Life: Their Words, Their Thoughts, Their Feelings
(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976), 238; Foner,
Reconstruction
, 448.

Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold,
The African-American Odyssey
(Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000), 294-95.

Joel Williamson,
After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861-1877
(Hanover, NH, and London: University Press of New England, 1990), 337-38.

Leonard I. Sweet,
Black Images of America
,
1784-1870
(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1976), 166.

Drago,
Black Politicians and Reconstruction
, 84-85.

Victor B. Howard,
Black Liberation in Kentucky: Emancipation and Freedom
,
1862-1884
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983), 155-56; Marion B. Lucas,
A History of Blacks in Kentucky
, 2 vols. (Lexington: Kentucky Historical Society, 1992), 1:301.

Peggy Lamson,
The Glorious Failure: Black Congressman Robert Brown Elliott and the Reconstruction in South Carolina
(New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1973), 100. For a lively discussion of the responses of white Radicals and white Democrats to the Fifteenth Amendment, see Jason H. Silverman, “Mary Ann Shadd and the Search for Equality,” in Leon Litwack and August Meier, eds.,
Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century
(Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 98.

Foner,
Reconstruction
, 471-72.

Ibid.

Daniel F. Littlefield,
The Cherokee Freedmen: From Emancipation to American Citizenship
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978), 63-64.

Ibid., 64.

William Loren Katz,
Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage
(New York: Atheneum Books, 1986), 147.

Ibid., 172.

Ibid., 173.

James Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days: The Slaves Remember, An Oral History
(New York: Avon Books, 1988), 396.

George P. Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979), Vol. 4, Texas Narratives, Part 3, 1106.

Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days
, 397.

Ibid.

Ibid., 404.

Ibid., 401.

Ibid., 399.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave
, Vol. 4, Texas Narratives, Part 3, 1269-1275.

See, for example, Foner,
Reconstruction
, 426-27. White Republicans were also susceptible to violence at the hands of the Democratic Ku Klux Klan. See, for example, Foner,
Reconstruction
, 427.

Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days
, 399-400.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave
, Vol. 6, Mississippi Narratives, Part 1, 17-18.

Mellon, ed.,
Bullwhip Days
,
400-401.

New York Times
, March 19, 1868.

Rawick, ed.,
The American Slave
, Vol. 1, Alabama Narratives, 400-401.

Ibid., Vol. 9, Mississippi Narratives, Part 4, 1760.

Ibid., Vol. 10, Mississippi Narratives, Part 5, 1975.

Ibid., Vol. 4, Texas Narratives, Part 3, 1401.

Ibid., Vol. 11, North Carolina and South Carolina Narratives, 137.

Ibid., Vol. 1, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Washington Narratives, 390.

Ibid., Vol. 8, Mississippi Narratives, Part 3, 1177.

Edmund L. Drago,
Hurrah for Hampton! Black Red Shirts in South Carolina during Reconstruction
(Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1998), 29.

Ibid., 32.

Ibid., 35.

Ibid., 3.

James E. Sefton, “A Note on the Political Intimidation of Black Men by Other Black Men,”
Georgia Historical Quarterly
52 (March 1968): 447;
Charleston Courier
, November 9, 1876.

Joe A. Mobley,
James City: A Black Community in North Carolina
,
1863-1900
(Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 1981), 67.

Sefton, “A Note on the Political Intimidation,” 447; Elsa Barkley Brown, “The Labor of Politics,” in Thomas C. Holt and Elsa Barkley Brown, eds.,
Major Problems in African-American History
, 2 vols. (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000), 1:414.

Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters
, 369-70.

Holt,
Black over White
, 35.

Drago,
Hurrah for Hampton!
, 42.

Sterling, ed.,
We Are Your Sisters
, 370; Brown, “Labor of Politics,” 413-14.

Holt,
Black over White
, 60.

Benjamin Quarles,
The Negro in the Making of America,
3d rev. ed. (New York: MacMillan, 1987), 141.

Ibid., 139-40.

Berry and Blassingame,
Long Memory
, 348; Taylor,
Travail and Triumph,
42; John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr.,
From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans
, 6th rev. ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), 282.

August Meier and Elliott Rudwick,
From Plantation to Ghetto: An Interpretive History of American Blacks
, 3d rev. ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1976), 204.

Quarles,
The Negro in the Making
, 141.

Ibid.

Ibid., 141-42; Gary B. Nash,
The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society
, 2 vols. (New York: Harper and Row, 1990), 1:566.

For coverage of the political, economic, and social fates of Southern African Americans in the post-Reconstruction era, consult Franklin and Moss,
From Slavery to Freedom
, 7th rev. ed., 259-61; Taylor,
Travail and Triumph
, 39; James L. Underwood, “The Contributions of Black Delegates to the Framing of the South Carolina Constitution of 1868” (Paper presented at the South Carolina Supreme Court Historical Society First Annual Colloquium, 1998), 12, 14; C.Vann Woodward,
The Strange Career of Jim Crow
, 3d rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 84, 85, 97-102; I. A. Newby,
The South: A History
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1978), 351-52; W. Marvin Dulaney,
Black Police in America
(Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1996), 17; Walter J. Fraser Jr.,
Charleston! Charleston! The History of a Southern City
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989), 297, 308; and Jenkins,
Seizing the New Day
, 161-62.