Colin Woodard (50 page)
Authors: American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America
Tags: #American Government, #General, #United States, #State, #Political Science, #History
11
Serge Schmemann, “The New French President's Roots Are Worth Remembering,”
New York Times
, 15 May 2007.
Chapter 1: Founding El NorteSerge Schmemann, “The New French President's Roots Are Worth Remembering,”
New York Times
, 15 May 2007.
1
John H. Burns, “The Present Status of the Spanish-Americans of New Mexico,”
Social Forces
, December 1949, pp. 133â138.
John H. Burns, “The Present Status of the Spanish-Americans of New Mexico,”
Social Forces
, December 1949, pp. 133â138.
2
Charles C. Mann,
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
, New York: Knopf, 2005, pp. 102â103.
Charles C. Mann,
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
, New York: Knopf, 2005, pp. 102â103.
3
Alan Taylor,
American Colonies: The Settling of North America
, New York: Penguin, 2001, p. 53â54; Mann, pp. 102â103.
Alan Taylor,
American Colonies: The Settling of North America
, New York: Penguin, 2001, p. 53â54; Mann, pp. 102â103.
4
Mann (2005), pp. 140â141; Taylor (2001), p. 57.
Mann (2005), pp. 140â141; Taylor (2001), p. 57.
5
Thomas Campanella,
A Discourse Touching the Spanish Monarchy
[1598], London: William Prynne, 1659, pp. 9, 223.
Thomas Campanella,
A Discourse Touching the Spanish Monarchy
[1598], London: William Prynne, 1659, pp. 9, 223.
6
David J. Weber,
The Mexican Frontier, 1821â1846
, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982, p. 232; David J. Weber,
The Spanish Frontier in North America
, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992, p. 322.
David J. Weber,
The Mexican Frontier, 1821â1846
, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982, p. 232; David J. Weber,
The Spanish Frontier in North America
, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992, p. 322.
7
Taylor (2001), pp. 460â461; Weber (1992), pp. 306â308; Weber (1982), pp. 45â46.
Taylor (2001), pp. 460â461; Weber (1992), pp. 306â308; Weber (1982), pp. 45â46.
8
Taylor (2001), p. 61.
Taylor (2001), p. 61.
9
James D. Kornwolf and Georgiana Kornwolf,
Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America, Vol. 1
, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 2002, pp. 122, 140; Robert E. Wright, “Spanish Missions,” in
Handbook of Texas Online
at
http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/
articles/SS/its2.html.
James D. Kornwolf and Georgiana Kornwolf,
Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America, Vol. 1
, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 2002, pp. 122, 140; Robert E. Wright, “Spanish Missions,” in
Handbook of Texas Online
at
http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/
articles/SS/its2.html.
10
Weber (1992), p. 306; Jean Francois Galaup de La Perouse (1786) as quoted in James J. Rawls, “The California Mission as Symbol and Myth,”
California History
, Fall 1992, p. 344.
Weber (1992), p. 306; Jean Francois Galaup de La Perouse (1786) as quoted in James J. Rawls, “The California Mission as Symbol and Myth,”
California History
, Fall 1992, p. 344.
11
Russell K. Skowronek, “Sifting the Evidence: Perceptions of Life at the Ohlone (Costanoan) Missions of Alta California,”
Ethnohistory
, Fall 1998, pp. 697â699.
Russell K. Skowronek, “Sifting the Evidence: Perceptions of Life at the Ohlone (Costanoan) Missions of Alta California,”
Ethnohistory
, Fall 1998, pp. 697â699.
12
Weber (1982), pp. 123â124, 279.
Weber (1982), pp. 123â124, 279.
13
Weber (1992), pp. 15, 324.
Weber (1992), pp. 15, 324.
14
Clark S. Knowlton, “Patron-Peon Pattern among the Spanish Americans of New Mexico,”
Social Forces
, October 1962, pp. 12â17; Gastil (1975), p. 249.
Clark S. Knowlton, “Patron-Peon Pattern among the Spanish Americans of New Mexico,”
Social Forces
, October 1962, pp. 12â17; Gastil (1975), p. 249.
15
Phillips (1969), pp. 282â283; Andrew Gumbel,
Steal This Vote: Dirty Elections and the Rotten History of Democracy in America
, New York: Nation Books, 2005, pp. 17â22.
Phillips (1969), pp. 282â283; Andrew Gumbel,
Steal This Vote: Dirty Elections and the Rotten History of Democracy in America
, New York: Nation Books, 2005, pp. 17â22.
16
Weber (1982), pp. 243, 284; Martinez (1988), pp. 107â111.
Weber (1982), pp. 243, 284; Martinez (1988), pp. 107â111.
17
Taylor (2001), pp. 82, 458â460; Paul Horgan,
Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History
, Vol. I, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1954, pp. 225â226; Weber (1982), pp. 92, 123.
Taylor (2001), pp. 82, 458â460; Paul Horgan,
Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History
, Vol. I, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1954, pp. 225â226; Weber (1982), pp. 92, 123.
18
Weber (1992), pp. 326â328; Manuel G. Gonzalez,
Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States
, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999, p. 53; Martinez (1988), p. 107.
Weber (1992), pp. 326â328; Manuel G. Gonzalez,
Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States
, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999, p. 53; Martinez (1988), p. 107.
19
Edward Larocque Tinker, “The Horsemen of the Americas,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
, May 1962, p. 191; Odie B. Faulk, “Ranching in Spanish Texas,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
, May 1965, pp. 257, 166; C. Allan Jones,
Texas Roots: Agricultural and Rural Life Before the Civil War
, College Station: Texas A&M University, 2005, pp. 12â16; Peter Tamony, “The Ten-Gallon or Texas Hat,”
Western Folklore
, April 1965, pp. 116â117.
Edward Larocque Tinker, “The Horsemen of the Americas,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
, May 1962, p. 191; Odie B. Faulk, “Ranching in Spanish Texas,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
, May 1965, pp. 257, 166; C. Allan Jones,
Texas Roots: Agricultural and Rural Life Before the Civil War
, College Station: Texas A&M University, 2005, pp. 12â16; Peter Tamony, “The Ten-Gallon or Texas Hat,”
Western Folklore
, April 1965, pp. 116â117.
20
Hubert Howe Bancroft,
The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft
, Vol. 19, San Francisco: The History Company, 1886, p. 162; C. Wayne Hanselka and D. E. Kilgore, “The Nueces Valley: The Cradle of the Western Livestock Industry,”
Rangelands
, October 1987, p. 196.
Chapter 2: Founding New FranceHubert Howe Bancroft,
The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft
, Vol. 19, San Francisco: The History Company, 1886, p. 162; C. Wayne Hanselka and D. E. Kilgore, “The Nueces Valley: The Cradle of the Western Livestock Industry,”
Rangelands
, October 1987, p. 196.
1
Samuel Eliot Morison,
Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France
, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1972, p. 41.
Samuel Eliot Morison,
Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France
, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1972, p. 41.
3
Ibid., pp. 118, 134, 342, 528â529.
Ibid., pp. 118, 134, 342, 528â529.
4
Samuel de Champlain,
Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1618
, Vol. 4, New York: Scribner & Sons, 1907, pp. 54â55; Helena Katz, “Where New France Was Forged,”
The Globe & Mail
(Toronto), 26 July 2004.
Samuel de Champlain,
Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1618
, Vol. 4, New York: Scribner & Sons, 1907, pp. 54â55; Helena Katz, “Where New France Was Forged,”
The Globe & Mail
(Toronto), 26 July 2004.
5
Fischer (2008), pp. 210â217.
Fischer (2008), pp. 210â217.
6
Morison (1972), pp. 94â95; Fischer (2008), pp. 212â219. The teens were Charles de Biencourt (future governor and vice admiral of Acadia), Charles La Tour (future governor of Acadia), and Robert du Pont-Grave (who became a leading fur trader in the St. John Valley).
Morison (1972), pp. 94â95; Fischer (2008), pp. 212â219. The teens were Charles de Biencourt (future governor and vice admiral of Acadia), Charles La Tour (future governor of Acadia), and Robert du Pont-Grave (who became a leading fur trader in the St. John Valley).
7
Fischer (2008), pp. 380, 401, 457; Cornelius J. Jaenan, “Problems of Assimilation in New France, 1603â1645,”
French Historical Studies
, Spring 1966, p. 275.
Fischer (2008), pp. 380, 401, 457; Cornelius J. Jaenan, “Problems of Assimilation in New France, 1603â1645,”
French Historical Studies
, Spring 1966, p. 275.
8
Sigmund Diamond, “An Experiment in âFeudalism': French Canada in the Seventeenth Century,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, January 1961, pp. 5â13.
Sigmund Diamond, “An Experiment in âFeudalism': French Canada in the Seventeenth Century,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, January 1961, pp. 5â13.
9
One was my eighth-great-grandmother, who came to Québec in 1671, married another recent immigrant, and bore at least four children.
One was my eighth-great-grandmother, who came to Québec in 1671, married another recent immigrant, and bore at least four children.
10
Peter N. Moogk, “Reluctant Exiles: Emigrants from France in Canada before 1760,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, July 1989, pp. 471, 477â484, 488; Stanislas A. Lortie and Adjutor Rivard,
L'Origine et le parler de Canadiens-français
, Paris: Honoré Champion, 1903, p. 11; Fischer (2008), pp. 472â488.
Peter N. Moogk, “Reluctant Exiles: Emigrants from France in Canada before 1760,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, July 1989, pp. 471, 477â484, 488; Stanislas A. Lortie and Adjutor Rivard,
L'Origine et le parler de Canadiens-français
, Paris: Honoré Champion, 1903, p. 11; Fischer (2008), pp. 472â488.
11
Moogk (1989), pp. 497; John Ralston Saul,
A Fair Country: Telling Truths About Canada
, Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2008, pp. 9, 11; Diamond (1961), pp. 25, 30.
Moogk (1989), pp. 497; John Ralston Saul,
A Fair Country: Telling Truths About Canada
, Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2008, pp. 9, 11; Diamond (1961), pp. 25, 30.
12
Diamond (1961), p. 30; Saul (2008), pp. 10â11; Alaric and Gretchen F. Faulkner, “Acadian Settlement 1604â1674,” in Richard W. Judd et al., eds.,
Maine: The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present
, Orono: University of Maine Press, 1994, p. 93; Owen Stanwood, “Unlikely Imperialist: The Baron of Saint-Castin and the Transformation of the Northeastern Borderlands,”
French Colonial History
, Vol. 5, 2004, pp. 48â49.
Diamond (1961), p. 30; Saul (2008), pp. 10â11; Alaric and Gretchen F. Faulkner, “Acadian Settlement 1604â1674,” in Richard W. Judd et al., eds.,
Maine: The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present
, Orono: University of Maine Press, 1994, p. 93; Owen Stanwood, “Unlikely Imperialist: The Baron of Saint-Castin and the Transformation of the Northeastern Borderlands,”
French Colonial History
, Vol. 5, 2004, pp. 48â49.
13
Diamond (1961), pp. 21â23.
Diamond (1961), pp. 21â23.
14
Ibid., pp. 22â23, 28â29; Robert Forster, “France in America,”
French Historical Studies
, Spring 2000, pp. 242â243.
Ibid., pp. 22â23, 28â29; Robert Forster, “France in America,”
French Historical Studies
, Spring 2000, pp. 242â243.
15
Moogk (1989), p. 464.
Chapter 3: Founding TidewaterMoogk (1989), p. 464.
1
Taylor (2001), pp. 129â131; John Smith, “A True Relation (1608)” in Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed.,
Narratives of Early Virginia
, New York: Scribner & Sons, 1907, pp. 136â137; Cary Carson et al., “New World, Real World: Improvising English Culture in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,”
Journal of Southern History
, February 2008, p. 40.
Taylor (2001), pp. 129â131; John Smith, “A True Relation (1608)” in Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed.,
Narratives of Early Virginia
, New York: Scribner & Sons, 1907, pp. 136â137; Cary Carson et al., “New World, Real World: Improvising English Culture in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,”
Journal of Southern History
, February 2008, p. 40.
2
Carson et al., pp. 40, 68; Jack P. Greene,
Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture
, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988, p. 9.
Carson et al., pp. 40, 68; Jack P. Greene,
Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture
, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988, p. 9.
3
Carson et al., p. 69.
Carson et al., p. 69.
4
Taylor (2001), pp. 125â136.
Taylor (2001), pp. 125â136.
5
Greene (1988), p. 12.
Greene (1988), p. 12.
6
Oscar and Mary F. Handlin, “Origins of the Southern Labor System,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, April 1950, p. 202; Bernard Bailyn,
Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution
, New York: Knopf, 1986, pp. 345â348; David Hackett Fischer,
Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America
, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 401â402.
Oscar and Mary F. Handlin, “Origins of the Southern Labor System,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, April 1950, p. 202; Bernard Bailyn,
Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution
, New York: Knopf, 1986, pp. 345â348; David Hackett Fischer,
Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America
, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 401â402.
7
Greene (1988), p. 84; Handlin & Handlin, pp. 202â204; James H. Brewer, “Negro Property Owners in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, October 1955, pp. 576, 578.
Greene (1988), p. 84; Handlin & Handlin, pp. 202â204; James H. Brewer, “Negro Property Owners in Seventeenth-Century Virginia,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, October 1955, pp. 576, 578.
8
Taylor (2001), pp. 136â137; Robert D. Mitchell, “American Origins and Regional Institutions: The Seventeenth Century Chesapeake,”
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
, Vol. 73, No. 3, 1983, pp. 411â412.
Taylor (2001), pp. 136â137; Robert D. Mitchell, “American Origins and Regional Institutions: The Seventeenth Century Chesapeake,”
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
, Vol. 73, No. 3, 1983, pp. 411â412.
9
Warren M. Billings,
Sir William Berkeley and the Forging of Colonial Virginia
, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004, pp. 97â109; Kevin Phillips,
The Cousins' Wars: Religion, Politics, and the Triumph of Anglo-America
, New York: Basic Books, 1999, pp. 58â59.
Warren M. Billings,
Sir William Berkeley and the Forging of Colonial Virginia
, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004, pp. 97â109; Kevin Phillips,
The Cousins' Wars: Religion, Politics, and the Triumph of Anglo-America
, New York: Basic Books, 1999, pp. 58â59.
10
Billings (2004), p. 107; Douglas Southall Freeman,
Robert E. Lee: A Biography
, New York: Charles Scribner, 1934, p. 160; Fischer (1989), pp. 212â219; David Hackett Fischer, “Albion and the Critics: Further Evidence and Reflection,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, April 1991, p. 287; Willard Sterne Randall,
George Washington: A Life
, New York: Holt, 1998, pp. 9â13.
Billings (2004), p. 107; Douglas Southall Freeman,
Robert E. Lee: A Biography
, New York: Charles Scribner, 1934, p. 160; Fischer (1989), pp. 212â219; David Hackett Fischer, “Albion and the Critics: Further Evidence and Reflection,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, April 1991, p. 287; Willard Sterne Randall,
George Washington: A Life
, New York: Holt, 1998, pp. 9â13.
11
Wallace Notestein,
The English People on the Eve of Colonization
, New York: Harper & Row, 1954, pp. 45â60; John Toland, ed.,
The Oceana and other works of James Harrington, with an account of his life
, London: T. Becket & T. Cadell, 1737, p. 100.
Wallace Notestein,
The English People on the Eve of Colonization
, New York: Harper & Row, 1954, pp. 45â60; John Toland, ed.,
The Oceana and other works of James Harrington, with an account of his life
, London: T. Becket & T. Cadell, 1737, p. 100.
12
Martin H. Quitt, “Immigrant Origins of the Virginia Gentry: A Study of Cultural Transmission and Innovation,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, October 1988, pp. 646â648.
Martin H. Quitt, “Immigrant Origins of the Virginia Gentry: A Study of Cultural Transmission and Innovation,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, October 1988, pp. 646â648.
13
Daniel J. Boorstin,
The Americans: The Colonial Experience
, New York: Vintage, 1958, pp. 106â107.
Daniel J. Boorstin,
The Americans: The Colonial Experience
, New York: Vintage, 1958, pp. 106â107.
14
Carson et al., p. 84.
Carson et al., p. 84.
15
Fischer (1989), pp. 220â224.
Fischer (1989), pp. 220â224.
16
Ibid., pp. 398â405; Rhys Isaac,
The Transformation of Virginia
, New York: W. W. Norton, 1982, pp. 134â135.
Ibid., pp. 398â405; Rhys Isaac,
The Transformation of Virginia
, New York: W. W. Norton, 1982, pp. 134â135.
18
Isaac (1982), pp. 35â39, 66; Kornwolf and Kornwolf (2002), Vol. 2, pp. 578â588, 725; Fischer (1989), p. 412.
Isaac (1982), pp. 35â39, 66; Kornwolf and Kornwolf (2002), Vol. 2, pp. 578â588, 725; Fischer (1989), p. 412.
19
Fischer (1989), p. 388; Greene (1988), pp. 82â84.
Chapter 4: Founding YankeedomFischer (1989), p. 388; Greene (1988), pp. 82â84.
1
Boorstin (1958), pp. 1â9; Greene (1988), p. 19; William D. Williamson,
The History of the State of Maine,
Vol. 1, Hallowell, ME: Glazier, Masters & Co., 1839, pp. 380â381; Fischer (1989), p. 55; Alice Morse Earle,
The Sabbath in Puritan New England
, New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1902, pp. 246â247.
Boorstin (1958), pp. 1â9; Greene (1988), p. 19; William D. Williamson,
The History of the State of Maine,
Vol. 1, Hallowell, ME: Glazier, Masters & Co., 1839, pp. 380â381; Fischer (1989), p. 55; Alice Morse Earle,
The Sabbath in Puritan New England
, New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1902, pp. 246â247.
2
Greene (1988), pp. 20â21.
Greene (1988), pp. 20â21.
4
Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker,
The Puritan Oligarchy
, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947, pp. 44â47; Fischer (1989), p. 38n.
Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker,
The Puritan Oligarchy
, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947, pp. 44â47; Fischer (1989), p. 38n.
5
Fischer (1989), pp. 130â131.
Fischer (1989), pp. 130â131.
6
Taylor (2001), pp. 195, 202.
Taylor (2001), pp. 195, 202.
7
Emerson W. Baker,
The Devil of Great Island: Witchcraft and Conflict in Early New England
, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007, pp. 134â139.
Emerson W. Baker,
The Devil of Great Island: Witchcraft and Conflict in Early New England
, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007, pp. 134â139.
8
Richard Baxter,
Life and Times
, London: M. Sylvester, 1696, p. 51; D. E. Kennedy,
The English Revolution, 1642â1649
, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000, p. 75 (quoting John Wildman).
Chapter 5: Founding New NetherlandRichard Baxter,
Life and Times
, London: M. Sylvester, 1696, p. 51; D. E. Kennedy,
The English Revolution, 1642â1649
, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000, p. 75 (quoting John Wildman).
1
Robert C. Ritchie,
The Duke's Province: A Study of New York Politics and Society, 1664â1691
, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977, pp. 26â29; H. L. Mencken,
The American Language
, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1921, p. 348.
Robert C. Ritchie,
The Duke's Province: A Study of New York Politics and Society, 1664â1691
, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977, pp. 26â29; H. L. Mencken,
The American Language
, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1921, p. 348.
2
“Relation of 1647” in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed.,
The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents
, Vol. 31, Cleveland: Burrows Brothers, 1898, p. 99
“Relation of 1647” in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed.,
The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents
, Vol. 31, Cleveland: Burrows Brothers, 1898, p. 99
3
R. R. Palmer and Joel Colton,
A History of the Modern World to 1815
, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1983, pp. 159â163; Els M. Jacobs,
In Pursuit of Pepper and Tea: The Story of the Dutch East India Company
, Amsterdam: Netherlands Maritime Museum, 1991, pp. 11â18.
R. R. Palmer and Joel Colton,
A History of the Modern World to 1815
, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1983, pp. 159â163; Els M. Jacobs,
In Pursuit of Pepper and Tea: The Story of the Dutch East India Company
, Amsterdam: Netherlands Maritime Museum, 1991, pp. 11â18.
4
Russell Shorto,
Island at the Center of the World
, New York: Doubleday, 2004, pp. 94â100; James H. Tully, ed.,
A Letter Concerning Toleration
[1689], Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 1983, p. 1.
Russell Shorto,
Island at the Center of the World
, New York: Doubleday, 2004, pp. 94â100; James H. Tully, ed.,
A Letter Concerning Toleration
[1689], Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 1983, p. 1.
5
Joep de Koning, “Governors Island: Lifeblood of American Liberty,” paper given at the AANS/NNS Conference, Albany, NY, 9 June 2006, pp. 3â4, 8â10; Shorto, (2004) pp. 94â96; William Bradford, “History of Plymouth Plantation [1648]” in William T. Davis, ed.,
Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation 1606â1646
, New York: Charles Scribner's & Sons, 1920, p. 46.
Joep de Koning, “Governors Island: Lifeblood of American Liberty,” paper given at the AANS/NNS Conference, Albany, NY, 9 June 2006, pp. 3â4, 8â10; Shorto, (2004) pp. 94â96; William Bradford, “History of Plymouth Plantation [1648]” in William T. Davis, ed.,
Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation 1606â1646
, New York: Charles Scribner's & Sons, 1920, p. 46.
6
Oliver A. Rink,
Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York
, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 156.
Oliver A. Rink,
Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York
, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 156.
7
Ibid., pp. 98â115; Taylor (2001), p. 255.
Ibid., pp. 98â115; Taylor (2001), p. 255.
8
Rink (1986), pp.233â235; Koning (2006), pp. 12â14; Thomas J. Archdeacon,
New York City, 1664â1710: Conquest and Change
, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, p. 45.
Rink (1986), pp.233â235; Koning (2006), pp. 12â14; Thomas J. Archdeacon,
New York City, 1664â1710: Conquest and Change
, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979, p. 45.
9
Rink (1986), p. 227; p. 169; Laurence M. Hauptman and Ronald G. Knapp, “Dutch-Aboriginal interaction in New Netherland and Formosa: An historical geography of empire,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
, April 1977, pp. 166â175; Shorto (2004), p. 124.
Rink (1986), p. 227; p. 169; Laurence M. Hauptman and Ronald G. Knapp, “Dutch-Aboriginal interaction in New Netherland and Formosa: An historical geography of empire,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
, April 1977, pp. 166â175; Shorto (2004), p. 124.
10
Ritchie (1977), pp. 150â151; William S. Pelletreau,
Genealogical and Family History of New York,
Vol. 1, New York: Lewis Publishing Co., 1907, pp. 147â153; Cuyler Reynolds,
Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York,
Vol. 3, New York: Lewis Publishing Co., 1914, p. 1371; Lyon Gardiner Tyler,
Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography,
Vol. 4, New York: Lewis Historical, 1915, p. 5.
Ritchie (1977), pp. 150â151; William S. Pelletreau,
Genealogical and Family History of New York,
Vol. 1, New York: Lewis Publishing Co., 1907, pp. 147â153; Cuyler Reynolds,
Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York,
Vol. 3, New York: Lewis Publishing Co., 1914, p. 1371; Lyon Gardiner Tyler,
Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography,
Vol. 4, New York: Lewis Historical, 1915, p. 5.
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