Complete Works of Lewis Carroll (166 page)

All
y
′
are
m
.

41.
All
x
are
m
′
;

No
y
are
m
′
.

42.
No
m
′
are
x
;

No
y
are
m
.

EX5§ 5.

Pairs of Concrete Propositions, proposed as Premisses: Conclusions to be found.

    1.
I have been out for a walk;

I am feeling better.

    2.
No one has read the letter but John;

No one, who has
not
read it, knows what it is about.

    3.
Those who are not old like walking;

You and I are young.

    4.
Your course is always honest;

Your course is always the best policy.

    5.
No fat creatures run well;

Some greyhounds run well.

    6.
Some, who deserve the fair, get their deserts;

None but the brave deserve the fair.

    7.
Some Jews are rich;

All Esquimaux are Gentiles.

    8.
Sugar-plums are sweet;

Some sweet things are liked by children.

    9.
John is in the house;

Everybody in the house is ill.

  10.
Umbrellas are useful on a journey;

What is useless on a journey should be left behind.

  11.
Audible music causes vibration in the air;

Inaudible music is not worth paying for.

  12.
Some holidays are rainy;

Rainy days are tiresome.

  13.
No Frenchmen like plumpudding;

All Englishmen like plumpudding.

  14.
No portrait of a lady, that makes her simper or scowl, is satisfactory;

No photograph of a lady ever fails to make her simper or scowl.

  15.
All pale people are phlegmatic;

No one looks poetical unless he is pale.

  16.
No old misers are cheerful;

Some old misers are thin.

  17.
No one, who exercises self-control, fails to keep his temper;

Some judges lose their tempers.

  18.
All pigs are fat;

Nothing that is fed on barley-water is fat.

  19.
All rabbits, that are not greedy, are black;

No old rabbits are free from greediness.

  20.
Some pictures are not first attempts;

No first attempts are really good.

  21.
I never neglect important business;

Your business is unimportant.

  22.
Some lessons are difficult;

What is difficult needs attention.

  23.
All clever people are popular;

All obliging people are popular.

  24.
Thoughtless people do mischief;

No thoughtful person forgets a promise.

  25.
Pigs cannot fly;

Pigs are greedy.

  26.
All soldiers march well;

Some babies are not soldiers.

  27.
No bride-cakes are wholesome;

What is unwholesome should be avoided.

  28.
John is industrious;

No industrious people are unhappy.

  29.
No philosophers are conceited;

Some conceited persons are not gamblers.

  30.
Some excise laws are unjust;

All the laws passed last week relate to excise.

  31.
No military men write poetry;

None of my lodgers are civilians.

  32.
No medicine is nice;

Senna is a medicine.

  33.
Some circulars are not read with pleasure;

No begging-letters are read with pleasure.

  34.
All Britons are brave;

No sailors are cowards.

  35.
Nothing intelligible ever puzzles
me
;

Logic puzzles me.

  36.
Some pigs are wild;

All pigs are fat.

  37.
All wasps are unfriendly;

All unfriendly creatures are unwelcome.

  38.
No old rabbits are greedy;

All black rabbits are greedy.

  39.
Some eggs are hard-boiled;

No eggs are uncrackable.

  40.
No antelope is ungraceful;

Graceful creatures delight the eye.

  41.
All well-fed canaries sing loud;

No canary is melancholy if it sings loud.

  42.
Some poetry is original;

No original work is producible at will.

  43.
No country, that has been explored, is infested by dragons;

Unexplored countries are fascinating.

  44.
No coals are white;

No niggers are white.

  45.
No bridges are made of sugar;

Some bridges are picturesque.

  46.
No children are patient;

No impatient person can sit still.

  47.
No quadrupeds can whistle;

Some cats are quadrupeds.

  48.
Bores are terrible;

You are a bore.

  49.
Some oysters are silent;

No silent creatures are amusing.

  50.
There are no Jews in the house;

No Gentiles have beards a yard long.

  51.
Canaries, that do not sing loud, are unhappy;

No well-fed canaries fail to sing loud.

  52.
All my sisters have colds;

No one can sing who has a cold.

  53.
All that is made of gold is precious;

Some caskets are precious.

  54.
Some buns are rich;

All buns are nice.

  55.
All my cousins are unjust;

All judges are just.

  56.
Pain is wearisome;

No pain is eagerly wished for.

  57.
All medicine is nasty;

Senna is a medicine.

  58.
Some unkind remarks are annoying;

No critical remarks are kind.

  59.
No tall men have woolly hair;

Niggers have woolly hair.

  60.
All philosophers are logical;

An illogical man is always obstinate.

  61.
John is industrious;

All industrious people are happy.

  62.
These dishes are all well-cooked;

Some dishes are unwholesome if not well-cooked.

  63.
No exciting books suit feverish patients;

Unexciting books make one drowsy.

  64.
No pigs can fly;

All pigs are greedy.

  65.
When a man knows what he’s about, he can detect a sharper;

You and I know what we’re about.

  66.
Some dreams are terrible;

No lambs are terrible.

  67.
No bald creature needs a hairbrush;

No lizards have hair.

  68.
All battles are noisy;

What makes no noise may escape notice.

  69.
All my cousins are unjust;

No judges are unjust.

  70.
All eggs can be cracked;

Some eggs are hard-boiled.

  71.
Prejudiced persons are untrustworthy;

Some unprejudiced persons are disliked.

  72.
No dictatorial person is popular;

She is dictatorial.

  73.
Some bald people wear wigs;

All your children have hair.

  74.
No lobsters are unreasonable;

No reasonable creatures expect impossibilities.

  75.
No nightmare is pleasant;

Unpleasant experiences are not eagerly desired.

  76.
No plumcakes are wholesome;

Some wholesome things are nice.

  77.
Nothing that is nice need be shunned;

Some kinds of jam are nice.

  78.
All ducks waddle;

Nothing that waddles is graceful.

  79.
Sandwiches are satisfying;

Nothing in this dish is unsatisfying.

  80.
No rich man begs in the street;

Those who are not rich should keep accounts.

  81.
Spiders spin webs;

Some creatures, that do not spin webs, are savage.

  82.
Some of these shops are not crowded;

No crowded shops are comfortable.

  83.
Prudent travelers carry plenty of small change;

Imprudent travelers lose their luggage.

  84.
Some geraniums are red;

All these flowers are red.

  85.
None of my cousins are just;

All judges are just.

  86.
No Jews are mad;

All my lodgers are Jews.

  87.
Busy folk are not always talking about their grievances;

Discontented folk are always talking about their grievances.

  88.
None of my cousins are just;

No judges are unjust.

  89.
All teetotalers like sugar;

No nightingale drinks wine.

  90.
No riddles interest me if they can be solved;

All these riddles are insoluble.

  91.
All clear explanations are satisfactory;

Some excuses are unsatisfactory.

  92.
All elderly ladies are talkative;

All good-tempered ladies are talkative.

  93.
No kind deed is unlawful;

What is lawful may be done without scruple.

  94.
No babies are studious;

No babies are good violinists.

  95.
All shillings are round;

All these coins are round.

  96.
No honest men cheat;

No dishonest men are trustworthy.

  97.
None of my boys are clever;

None of my girls are greedy.

  98.
All jokes are meant to amuse;

No Act of Parliament is a joke.

  99.
No eventful tour is ever forgotten;

Uneventful tours are not worth writing a book about.

100.
All my boys are disobedient;

All my girls are discontented.

101.
No unexpected pleasure annoys me;

Your visit is an unexpected pleasure.

EX6§ 6.

Trios of Abstract Propositions, proposed as Syllogisms: to be examined.

1.

Some
x
are
m
;