Computing with Quantum Cats (37 page)

quantum discord,
268
,
269

quantum dots,
227
,
242
–
5

quantum electrodynamics (QED),
119

quantum entities,
1
,
93
–
4
,
104
,
119
,
222

quantum gravity,
191

Quantum Information Processing (QIP),
262

quantum interference,
199
,
201

quantum leap,
218

quantum mechanics,
93
–
5
,
105
–
7

quantum memory unit,
192

quantum photonics,
262
–
6

quantum physics,
104
,
106
,
118

quantum simulators,
132

quantum storage times,
247
–
9

quantum teleportation,
256
–
9
,
263
,
265

qubits,
3
–
4
; ancilla qubits,
222
–
3
; charge qubit,
243
,
244
; CNOT gates,
215
–
16
,
220
,
226
; DiVincenzo criteria,
227
–
30
; donor electrons,
247
; entanglement,
202
,
216
,
255
–
6
; error correction,
222
–
4
,
225
,
240
; flying,
230
; measurement and decoherence,
222
,
225
; “memory” size,
208
; mixed and pure,
268
–
9
; NMR technique,
251
; photons,
262
; properties,
202
; quantum dots,
227
,
243
–
4
; spintronics,
244
–
5
; SQUIDs,
239
–
41
; superconducting,
240
,
242
; trapped ions,
220
,
252
,
253

qubytes,
4

Queen's University, Belfast,
151
,
152

Queensland, University of,
263
,
269

Radley, W. G.,
40
–
1

Rajchman, Jan,
73
,
75

Random Access Memory (RAM),
49
,
73

RCA,
72
,
73
–
4
,
75

Reviews of Modern Physics
,
156
–
7
,
185

Rivest, Ronald,
204

robots,
82
; learning,
88
; self-replicating,
86
,
89
; space-traveling,
86
,
89

Roger, Gérard,
171

Rommel, Erwin,
41

Rosen, Nathan,
143

Rosenfeld, Leon,
142
–
3

Rosing, Boris,
72

Rowell, John,
233
,
234

Royal Society,
50
,
51
,
238

RSA algorithm,
204
–
6

Rydberg, Johannes,
261

Rydberg atoms,
261
–
2

Schreyer, Helmut,
70

Schrödinger, Erwin: approach to quantum world,
105
,
115
; on collapse of wave function,
122
,
138
,
187
; Copenhagen Interpretation,
105
–
6
,
138
,
139
; de Broglie's influence,
136
; on entanglement,
133
; on EPR paper,
144
; influence,
170
; solving the measurement problem,
187
–
9
; wave equation,
104
,
105
–
6
,
118
,
120
; writings: “Are There Quantum Jumps?,”
187

Schrödinger's cat,
120
–
2
; “dead and alive,”
1
,
3
; Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI),
183
,
184
–
5
,
200
; measurement problem,
183
,
187
; superposition of states,
183
,
235
,
238
–
9
; two-cat version,
121
–
2
,
132

Sciama, Dennis,
191

Science
,
246
,
247
,
264

semiconductor: lithography,
242
; technology,
263
–
4
; vacuum,
246

Shaknov, Irving,
163
,
164

Shamir, Adi,
204

Shannon, Claude,
33
–
4
,
88
,
125

Sherborne School,
13
–
15

Shimony, Abner,
162
–
3
,
164
–
6
,
168

Shor, Peter,
206

Shor's algorithm,
206
–
7
; codebreaking potential,
208
–
9
; NP-complete problems,
213
; quantum computing,
207
–
9
,
221
,
223
,
264
,
267
–
8
; time taken for factoring,
207
,
212

Sierpiński, Wacław,
16

silicon-
28
,
246
,
248
,
250

Simmons, Michelle,
243
,
250

Sissa ben Dahir al-Hindi,
92

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
,
25
,
52

solid state memory devices,
90

Solvay Congresses,
122
,
138
,
142
,
143
,
149

space travel,
86
–
7
,
89

spin: Bell's work,
159
; Bohm's work,
146
–
7
; CNOT gates,
220
,
224
–
5
; components,
147
; decoherence times,
244
–
5
; electrons,
3
; half-integer,
176
; NMR computing,
250
–
1
,
267
; nuclear,
224
,
246
–
9
; quantum memory unit,
192
–
3
; quantum switch,
3

spintronics,
244
–
5

splitting,
185

“spooky action at a distance,”
138
,
142
–
5
,
156
,
256

Square Root of NOT,
215

SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices),
230
,
235
,
238
–
41

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center,
155

Steane, Andrew,
223

Steel, Guy,
131

Strachey, Christopher,
50

Stratton, Julius,
101

superconductors,
227
,
232
–
3
,
238

superposition,
3
; Copenhagen Interpretation,
121
; Deutsch's work,
192
–
3
; Grover's algorithm,
209
–
10
; quantum computing,
202
,
207
,
215
,
220
,
226
,
243
–
4
,
261
–
2
,
264
,
267
; qubits,
202
; Schrödinger's cat,
121
,
183
,
239
,
261
; Schrödinger's work,
187
; spin states,
244
; SQUID rings,
235
,
239
–
40

Sussex University,
5
,
49
,
217
,
230
,
235
,
238

telepathy,
231
–
2

teleportation,
256
–
9
,
263
,
265

teleprinter: machines,
35
–
6
; paper tape,
35
–
6
,
49

Teller, Edward,
63
,
78

Texas, University of,
191

Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau,
69

Thompson, Mark,
265

Townes, Charles,
166
–
7

transistors,
90
,
91

Trinity College, Cambridge,
15

tubes, vacuum,
see
valves

Tunny,
35
–
6
,
44
–
5

Turing, Alan: arrest and sentence,
51
; Bletchley Park,
29
–
35
; Cambridge,
16
–
17
; childhood,
9
–
10
; Church–Turing principle,
196
; cipher project,
23
–
4
; Colossus,
40
–
3
; death,
51
–
2
; finances,
17
,
24
; FRS,
50
; GC&CS,
24
–
5
,
29
; hormone treatment,
51
; on human and machine intelligence,
87
–
8
; influence,
65
,
80
,
81
–
2
,
83
; OBE,
45
–
6
; post-war career,
46
–
51
,
80
; Princeton,
21
–
4
; problem-solving,
32
,
79
,
189
; programming,
50
; schooling,
10
–
15
; sexuality,
14
,
16
,
33
,
51
; sports,
12
,
47
–
8
; Tunny codebreaking,
38
; von Neumann relationship,
18
,
23
,
24
,
60
; wartime travels,
33
–
4
; writings: “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis,”
51
; “On Computable Numbers,”
20
–
1
,
23
,
46
,
51
,
67
,
81
–
2
,
131
; “Proposed Electronic Calculator,”
46
–
7

Turing, John (brother),
9
–
12
,
34
,
47
–
8

Turing, Julius (father),
9
–
12
,
47

Turing, Sara (mother),
9
–
13
,
32
,
34

Tutte, Bill,
37
,
45

UNIVAC,
81

“universal constructor,”
86
,
87

Universe: birth,
177
,
205
; as computer,
130
,
131
; intelligent life,
86
–
7
; local reality and non-locality,
158
,
172
,
173
–
4
; Multiverse and,
199
; simulation,
179
,
210

University College, London,
245

University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
259

unprovable statement,
17
,
19

Ursinus College, Philadelphia,
74

US (United States): Army,
61
,
69
; census (1890),
66
–
7
; Navy,
34
,
61

V1 missile,
70

valves, thermionic (vacuum tubes),
40
–
1
,
48
,
70
–
2
,
90
,
93
,
263

Veblen, Oswald,
68
,
74
,
75

Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology,
110

von Neumann, John (Jancsi, Johnny): career,
56
–
7
,
60
–
1
,
68
; cellular model of automata,
85
–
6
; childhood,
54
–
5
; death,
86
; education,
54
,
55
–
6
,
84
; EDVAC,
79
–
82
; on energy required for act of computation,
125
–
6
; ENIAC,
77
–
8
; family background,
53
–
4
; flaw in work,
56
,
138
–
42
,
145
,
154
,
156
,
157
; on hidden variables theory,
138
,
140
,
142
,
145
,
151
,
155
,
156
; honors,
61
; IBM consultancy,
81
; on importance of error,
88
–
9
; influence,
65
; interest in automata,
83
,
84
–
5
,
89
; interest in problem of fallible components,
82
–
4
; Manhattan Project,
61
–
5
,
78
; marriages,
57
,
59
–
60
; RCA visits,
74
; Turing relationship,
18
,
23
,
24
,
60
; von Neumann machines,
86
–
7
,
89
; writings: “First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC,”
80
–
1
,
82
;
Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
,
16
,
56
,
107
,
138
–
40