Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews (119 page)

32. Quoted by Wilson,
Ideology and Experience,
520.

33. Quoted by Hoffman,
More Than a Trial,
68–69.

34. Burns,
Dreyfus,
91–92.

35. Quoted by Burns,
Dreyfus,
92–93.

36. Wilson,
Ideology and Experience,
522.

37.
La Croix,
January 18, 1898. I gratefully acknowledge the research assistance of Christine Lehmann, who helped me obtain copies of original editions of the newspaper, and the translation assistance of Priscilla C. Deck.

38. Hoffman,
More Than a Trial,
217.

39.
La Croix,
January 19, 1898.

40.
La Croix,
January 28, 1898.

41. Quoted by Wilson,
Ideology and Experience,
555.

42. Ibid., 542.

43. Ibid., 533.

44. Ibid., 554.

45. Arendt,
Origins of Totalitarianism,
116.

46. Wilson,
Ideology and Experience,
519.

47. Hoffman,
More Than a Trial,
82.

48. Quoted by Wilson,
Ideology and Experience,
528.

49. Ibid., 531.

50. Burns,
Dreyfus,
134, 245.

51. Quoted by Burns,
Dreyfus,
152.

52. Quoted by Wilson,
Ideology and Experience,
531.

53. Michael Marrus and Robert Paxton say that
La Croix
and "its affiliated publications reached half a million readers during the time of the Dreyfus Affair."
Vichy France and the Jews,
30.

54. Wilson,
Ideology and Experience,
559–60.

55. Ibid., 560.

56. Marrus and Paxton say of
La Croix,
"That venomous journal could step back from the brink, and seemed to be moderating at the end" of the affair.
Vichy France and the Jews,
31.

57. Quoted by Wilson,
Ideology and Experience,
523.

58. Hoffman,
More Than a Trial,
195.

59.
La Croix,
January 12, 1998.

45. The Uses of Antisemitism

1. Arendt,
Origins of Totalitarianism,
10, 93.

2. Ibid., 93.

3. See Goldhagen,
Hitler's Willing Executioners.

4. The Dreyfus affair stirred sufficiently long-lasting passions that, as late as 1931, the premiere of a play on the subject was disrupted by "right-wing toughs." Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews,
32.

5. Hoffman,
More Than a Trial,
198.

6. Quoted by Arendt,
Origins of Totalitarianism,
93.

46. Lucie and Madeleine

1. John Paul II,
Spiritual Pilgrimage,
7.

2. Burns,
Dreyfus,
162f.

3. Ibid., 163.

4. Quoted by Burns,
Dreyfus,
163, 169.

5. Ibid., 208.

6. Ibid., 209.

7. Arendt,
Origins of Totalitarianism,
109.

8. Quoted by Burns,
Dreyfus,
183.

9. Arendt,
Origins of Totalitarianism,
117.

10. Hoffman,
More Than a Trial, 167.

11. Quoted by Burns,
Dreyfus,
243.

12. Ibid., 467.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid., 474.

15. Ibid., 481.

16. Roger Cohen, "French Church Issues Apology to Jews on War,"
New York Times,
October i, 1997.

17. Quoted by Marrus and Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews,
198.

18. Ibid., 201.

19. A few French bishops protested the internment and deportation of Jews, but, as Marrus and Paxton put it, "the voices of opposition were neither loud nor clear"
(Vichy France and the Jews,
199). They cite Pierrard's charge: "In the face of the 'Jewish problem' almost all Catholic France was as if anesthetized" (197).

20. Burns,
Dreyfus,
483.

21. Ibid., 485–86.

22. Ibid., 487.

47. From Christian Anti-Judaism to Eliminationist Antisemitism

1. Conquest,
Harvest of Sorrow.

2. Dadrian,
History of the Armenian Genocide.

3. Germany employed its first concentration camp (a term coined by the Spaniards in Cuba) against the Hereros, the indigenous people of Germany's colony of South West Africa, today's Namibia. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Hereros were driven into the desert, where tens of thousands died of thirst. See Lindqvist,
Origins of European Genocide,
149–50.

4. See
Cantate Domino,
the bull issued at the Council of Florence in 1442 by Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447): "The holy Roman church firmly believes, professes and preaches that all those who are outside the Catholic church, not only pagans but also Jews or heretics and schismatics, cannot share in eternal life and will go into the everlasting fire which was prepared for the devil and his angels." Tanner,
Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils,
520. By the late nineteenth century, a cliché of white colonial functionaries defined Africans as devils, as in, "A file of poor devils, chained by the neck, carried my trunks and boxes toward the dock." Quoted by Hochschild,
King Leopold's Ghost,
119.

5. Quoted by Lindqvist,
Origins of European Genocide,
107.

6. Ibid., 141.

7. Ibid., 147.

8. Dietrich,
Catholic Citizens in the Third Reich,
36.

9. Lindqvist,
Origins of European Genocide,
141.

48. Setting a Standard: The Church Against Bismarck

1. Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," in
The Marx-Engels Reader,
595.

2. Ibid.

3. Marx, "Contributions to the Critique of Hegel's
Philosophy of Right:
Introduction," in
The Marx-Engels Reader,
54.

4. Blackbourn,
Marpingen,
44.

5.
HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism,
795–96.

6. Blackbourn,
Marpingen,
52.

7.
HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism,
796.

8. "Church Recognizes 1987 Healing at Lourdes Shrine,"
National Catholic Reporter,
February 26, 1999. The man cured reported of his experience, "It is as if God winked at n me.

9. Blackbourn,
Marpingen,
19.

10. Ibid., 18–19.

11. Bernstein and Politi,
His Holiness,
295.

12. On May 13, 2000, after John Paul II traveled to Fátima to observe the twofold anniversary of his wounding and the apparition, the Vatican unveiled the "Third Secret of Fátima," a prophecy given by the Virgin to the children in 1917 of a "bishop clothed in white" who "falls to the ground, apparently dead, under a burst of gunfire." The Vatican asserted that the secret vision anticipated the 1981 assassination attempt. Alessandra Stanley, "Vatican Discloses the 'Third Secret' of Fátima,"
New York Times,
May 14, 2000.

13. Blackbourn,
Marpingen,
42.

14. Ibid., 53.

15. Ibid., 54.

16. H.W.L. Freudenthal, "Kulturkampf,"
New Catholic Encyclopedia,
vol. 8, 267.

17. Döllinger, "The Jews in Europe," 211.

18. Kornberg, "Döllinger's
Die Juden,
" 244.

19. "Döllinger, Johann J. I. von,"
HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism,
427.

20. Kornberg, "Döllinger's
Die Juden,
" 244.

21. Ibid., 245.

22. Döllinger, "The Jews in Europe," 211.

23. Ibid., 242.

24. Ibid., 211.

25. Blackbourn,
Marpingen,
84.

26. Ibid., 84.

27. Quoted by Blackbourn,
Marpingen,
106.

28. Ibid., 106–7.

29. Quoted by Evans,
German Center Party,
71.

30. Quoted by Blackbourn,
Marpingen,
270.

31. Evans,
German Center Party,
71.

32. Quoted by Blackbourn,
Marpingen,
270.

33. Ibid., 107.

34. Ibid., 116.

35. Ibid., 117.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid., 2.

38. Ibid., 272.

39. Ibid., 94.

40. Ibid., 352.

41. Ibid., 113.

42. Evans,
German Center Party,
71.

43. Flannery,
The Anguish of the Jews,
179.

44. Gilbert,
Atlas of Jewish History,
64.

45. Flannery,
The Anguish of the Jews,
180.

46. Blackbourn,
Populists and Patricians,
172.

47. Evans,
German Center Party,
404.

48. Quoted by Blackbourn,
Populists and Patricians,
171. This passage can seem a prophetic antecedent to the famous Nazi-era statement by Martin Niemöller: "First they came for the Communists, but I was not a Communist—so I said nothing. Then they came for the Social Democrats, but I was not a Social Democrat—so I did nothing. Then came the trade unionists, but I was not a trade unionist. And then they came for the Jews, but I was not a lew—so I did little. Then when they came for me, there was no one left who could stand up for me." Peter Novick points out that this passage has often been tampered with to reflect various post-Holocaust agendas; for example, with the Jews being moved to first place in the litany of victims, the Communists being left off the list, and Catholics regularly added to it—as at the Holocaust memorial in Boston. See Novick,
The Holocaust in American Life,
221.

49. Quoted by Evans,
German Center Party,
73–74.

50. "Nobody ever outmaneuvered Bismarck in a fluid diplomacy." Kissinger,
Diplomacy,
118.

51. Blackbourn,
Marpingen,
350–51.

52. Ibid., 405.

53. Ibid., 54, 56. The unprecedented fervor for the Seamless Robe had, no doubt, been stimulated in part by the frustrated enthusiasm so many Catholics had shown for the apparitions at Marpingen. Bishop Korum had expressly discouraged belief in the competing cultic center, and it was in 1889 that one of the three girls, now twenty-one years old and working as a maid in a convent, confessed: "I am one of the three children who, nearly thirteen years ago in Marpingen, spread the rumour of having seen the Blessed Virgin and must to my regret make the deeply humiliating admission that everything without exception was one great lie." Quoted by Blackbourn,
Marpingen,
352.

49. Eugenio Pacelli and the Surrender of German Catholicism

1. "Americanism" was identified with Isaac Hecker, the founder of the Paulist Fathers, the order to which I belonged. Defenders of Hecker insisted he was misunderstood by Rome, but his emphasis on the Holy Spirit as working through each Christian, instead of through the hierarchy, was a theological application of the core idea of American democracy. The American Catholic Church would, in fact, lead the rest of the Church to appreciate the importance of freedom of conscience and religious tolerance. Hecker's ideas would be vindicated by Vatican II.

2. Quoted by Cornwell,
Hitler's Pope,
43. Cornwell's book was controversial, faulted especially for the sensationalism of its title and its subtitle,
The Secret History of Pius XII.
Critics like István Deak pointed out that Pius XII was not "Hitler's pope," since the two men hated each other, and that there was little that could be called "secret" in what Cornwell reported (Deak, "The Pope, the Nazis, and the Jews," 46). Ronald Rychlak offers an extensive rebuttal of Cornwell in
Hitler, the War, and the Pope,
but he, like other critics of Cornwell, failed to dismantle the overwhelmingly negative record Cornwell assembled, especially regarding Pacelli's diplomacy in Germany during the early 1930s. My review of
Hitler's Pope
was favorable. See Carroll, "The Holocaust and the Catholic Church," 107–12.

3. Cornwell,
Hitler's Pope,
82.

4. Evans,
German Center Party,
404.

5. Cornwell,
Hitler's Pope,
83–84.

6. Blackbourn,
Populists and Patricians,
179.

7. Ibid., 181.

8. Ibid., 169.

9. Cornwell,
Hitler's Pope,
84.

10. Quoted by Cornwell,
Hitler's Pope,
137

11. The bishops, meeting at Fulda from August 17 to 19, 1932, declared: "All the bishoprics have forbidden membership of the Party because parts of its official programme contain false teachings ... Considerable numbers of people join the Party solely because of their support for the Party in the secular sphere, for its economic policies and political aims. But this cannot be justified. Support for the Party necessarily involves, whether one wants this or not, furthering its aims as a whole." Matheson,
Third Reich and the Christian Churches,
6–7.

12. "Without therefore departing from the condemnation of certain religious and moral errors voiced in our earlier measures, the episcopate believes it has ground for confidence that the general prohibitions and admonitions mentioned above need no longer be regarded as necessary." Ibid., 10.

13. The statement goes on to admonish Catholics about their responsibility to obey the new government: "For Catholic Christians, to whom the voice of the church is sacred, it is not necessary at the present moment to make special admonition to be loyal to the lawful government and to fulfill conscientiously the duties of citizenship, rejecting on principle all illegal or subversive behavior." Quoted by Helmreich,
German Churches under Hitler,
239.

14. Cornwell,
Hitler's Pope,
86.