Country of Exiles (32 page)

69.
Phone interview with Charles Elias, selectman from North Stonington, August 18, 1997.

70.
“Trains Proposed to Link to Foxwoods,”
The New Day
, June 12, 1997, A1, A7.

71.
Phone interview with Charles Elias.

72.
See Wilkinson
(American Indians
, pp. 186–87), on the role anthropology has played in arming these kinds of “Indians” with philosophical material to justify these positions. “We shouldn’t reject everything,” said William Belvado, a Sioux leader who urged his tribe to embrace tourism as well new technologies, scientific
advances, and new business methods (Bordewich),
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, pp. 237–38. Men like Belvado might have agreed with Terry L. Anderson, free-market thinker and journalist, who insisted in an influential essay in
Reason Magazine
that Indians, far from being communalists and nature “mystics,” have historically been more capitalist than most Americans. Indians, Anderson said, have always defended “private property rights” against government intervention; and they have “encouraged investment and production in personal property as well.” In the context of these arguments, then, gambling and tourism did not stand against but emerged out of Indian life, just as they did in the case of non-Indians (Anderson, “Dances with Myths,”
Reason Magazine
, February 1997, 48–50).

73.
Mark Marvel, “Gambling on the Reservations: What’s Really at Stake,”
Interview
, May 1994, 114;
Minnesota Gaming Directory
, 1994 edition; and David Segal, “Dances with Sharks,”
Daybreak
(winter 1993), 21.

74.
Julie Nicklin, “Casinos Bring Riches to Some Tribal Colleges, but Windfalls Are Rare,”
Chronicle of Higher Education
, September 8, 1995, A54; and Angie Debo,
A History of the Indians of the United States
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), p. 373.

Jo Ann Jones, president of the Ho-Chunk Indians in Black River Falls, Wisconsin, echoed these themes in her testimony in defense of Indian gambling before the U.S. Senate. Thanks to gambling, she argued, we “have increased employment by 2,000 people in three years, and it is able to pay a good living wage” (see Segal, “Dances with Sharks,” 21).

Such leaders, in fact, were confident that they could separate the cultural life of the tribes from economic life; in the classic American manner, they believed that the private spiritual world could flourish in a public setting that threatened to destroy it. Their aim, as Christopher Jocks, professor of Native American culture at Dartmouth, argues, has been to “put tourist and gambling operations somewhere on the margins and not at the heart of things” (phone interview, April 2, 1996). “We have made an attempt not to mix tribal culture with the business,” insisted Keller George, spokesman for the Oneidas in upstate New York. (Keller
George quoted in Melissa Gedachian, “Oneida Nation: Keeping an Eye on the Sparrow,”
Indian Gaming
, February 1996, 28.)

75.
Quoted in Tim Johnson, “The Dealer’s Edge,”
Akwe-kon’s Journal of Indigenous Issues
(summer 1995), 20.

76.
Kathryn Harrison, chairperson of the Grand Ronde Indian tribe near Portland, Oregon, on the tribe’s Spiritual Mountain casino, which has the distinction of having introduced high-stakes gambling to Oregon (quoted in
Indian Country Today
, Jan. 27–Feb. 3, 1997, B2).

77.
Doug George-Kanetiio, columns for the
Syracuse Herald American
, February 19, 1995, and May 14, 1995.

78.
On the Seneca referendum, see
Putnam Reporter Dispatch
, May 3, 1998, B1.

79.
Interview with Elaine Quiver (Grey Eagle), Pine Ridge Reservation, May 21, 1997. This testimony can be found on pre-printed postcards mailed in May 1995 and used by many tribes to get their members to communicate their convictions to the Forest Service. See Archives of the U.S. Forest Service, Spearfish Canyon, South Dakota. The quote from Jesse Taken Alive was recorded by Forest Ranger Craig Lunsdorff, May 16, 1995, Lunsdorff’s notes, U.S. Forest Service, Spearfish Canyon, South Dakota.

80.
Wendell Berry,
Unsettling of America
(San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1977), pp. 3–4; John Collier,
From Every Zenith: A Memoir and Some Essays on Life and Thought
(Denver: Sage Books, 1963), pp. 15, 137; and Thoreau, “Walking,” in Robert Finch and John Elder, eds.,
The Norton Book of Nature Writing
(New York: W.W. Norton, 1990), p. 183.

81.
See Bill Bradley,
Time Present, Time Past
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), pp. 314–16; Lazarus,
Black Hills Justice
, pp. 319–20; and Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, pp. 232–33.

82.
Armstrong Wiggins, “Indian Rights and Environment,”
Daybreak
(spring 1993), 3; Oren Lyons, “The Faith Keeper,” interview with Bill Moyers, video (Public Affairs Television, 1991); N. Scott Momaday,
The Man Made of Words
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), pp. 49–51, 111, 124.

83.
For a fine analysis written in this spirit, see Donald Worster, “The Black Hills: Sacred or Profane?” in Worster,
Under Western Skies
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 106–53.

84. Edward Shils,
Tradition
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 326.

85.
Anonymous speaker, circa 1990, quoted in Nabokov,
Native American Testimony
, p. 412.

1.
Clark Kerr,
The Uses of the University
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963, 1982), p. 86; Susan M. Fitzpatrick (program officer for the James S. McDonnell Foundation) and John T. Bruer (president of the McDonnell Foundation), “Science Funding and Private Philanthropy,” editorial,
Science
, August 1997, 621.

2.
Vance Packard,
A Nation of Strangers
(New York: David McKay and Co., 1972), p. 85.

3.
Even universities in the South, hitherto immune, felt the impact of this trend; in 1970, the University of Georgia boasted an unprecedented 17 percent out-of-state enrollment. These figures come from
ibid.
, pp. 85–88.

4.
Packard wrote in 1972 that “one unsettling result of this trend has been that hundreds of U.S. towns and villages are stripped of about half of all their young people in the 18–22 age bracket”
(ibid.
, p. 83).

5.
Ibid.
, pp. 88–90. Packard drew here on a study by David G. Brown,
The Mobile Professors
, commissioned in 1967 by the American Council on Education.

6.
The South African writer Es’kia Mphahlele, who taught in the United States in the 1960s and early seventies before returning to his country in 1977, expressed dismay at this way of organizing academic life. “I got to learn, when I was in the United States,” he observed, “that an academic can, if he likes, lose himself in intellectual pursuits, move only in the university community, and be insulated from the rest of the larger community out there.… I didn’t want that to happen to me, so that my self-respect hung on the thin thread of long-distance commitment.” See Mphahlele, “Africa in Exile,” in Marc Robinson, ed.,
Altogether Elsewhere
(New York: Harvest, 1994), p. 127.

7. Bill Bray, chief executive officer of a tribal corporation, quoted in
Chronicle of Higher Education
, July 11, 1997, B9.

8.
On this diversity of schools, see Anne Matthews,
Bright College Years: Inside the American Campus Today
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), pp. 63–65; Patrick Callan, “Stewards of Opportunity: America’s Public Community Colleges,”
Daedalus
(fall 1997), 95–112.

9.
Sheldon Rothblatt, “The ‘Place’ of Knowledge in the American Academic Profession,”
Daedalus
(fall 1997), 259, 245–65; see also Rothblatt,
The Modern University and Its Discontents
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 79–84.

10.
“Every U.S. research university,” said Rodney Nichols, CEO of the New York Academy of Sciences in 1993, “is a powerhouse, and more such campuses exist than a generation ago. For this growth Uncle Sam deserves much credit.” See Nichols, “Federal Science Policy and Universities, in Jonathan Cole, ed.,
The Research University in a Time of Discontent
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 273. By 1995 the government was supporting more than 60 percent of all research, a percentage leap that occurred principally during the Reagan years (see
Science
, vol. 270, October 6, 1995, 136). In 1973, funding was about $2 billion; in 1983, $5 billion; in 1988, $8 billion; and in 1993, more than $12 billion.

11.
“For both NYU and Greenwich Village,” NYU’s president, L. Jay Oliva, said in 1993, “the days of working as isolated satellites are over.” Quoted in Craig Smith, “Jay Oliva: Optimism Born of Experience,”
Stern Business
(winter 1993), 12. For a thumbnail sketch of NYU, see Nathan Glazer’s essay in Thomas Bender, ed.,
The University and the City: From Medieval Origins to the Present
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).

12.
Interview with Don Lotz, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, March 27, 1998. On the value of an “ordinary” Las Vegas casino, see
Wall Street Journal
(hereafter
WSJ
), March 13, 1998, A3; and on the size of university endowments in 1997, see “Bullish Stock Market Pushes Endowments Up 21.9% in 1997, to More Than $150 Billion,”
Chronicle of Higher Education
, February 20, 1998, A48. (For example, Harvard has a $10 billion endowment;
University of Texas, $6.7 billion; Yale, $5.7 billion; Princeton, $5 billion; Columbia, $3 billion; and so forth.)

13.
Quoted in Matthews,
Bright College Years
, p. 106.

14.
Eugene B. Skolnikoff, “Knowledge Without Boundaries,” in Cole,
The Research University
, pp. 339–40.

15.
“Columbia University in the City of New York,”
The President’s Report
, 1994–95, 40–42; and
ibid.
, 1995–96, 45–53.

16.
New York Times
(hereafter
NYT
), November 6, 1994, 4A, and March 1, 1994, B1; also “Experience Summer at the First Truly Global University,” document distributed to the NYU Summer School, 1996, in author’s possession.

17.
Quoted in Karen Arenson, “At N.Y.U. a Global Strategy to Encourage Foreign Study and Travel,”
NYT
, March 26, 1997, B11. In the 1982 postscript to his book,
The Uses of the University
, Clark Kerr argued that the research universities of today have changed little from those in the past. “The Harvard of 1982,” he wrote, “is not all that different from the Harvard of 1963, or the Berkeley of 1982 from that of 1963” (p. 152). This can no longer be said, for, as this chapter shows, these universities have entered a new age.

18.
The University of Phoenix is the best known of these institutions, but others have been mandated into existence by state legislatures. See Thomas Mitchell (vice chancellor, UCLA), “Border Crossings: Organizational Boundaries and Challenges to the American Professoriate,”
Daedalus
(fall 1997), 265–92; Mitchell, “For Profit Higher Education Sees Booming Enrollments and Revenues,”
Chronicle of Higher Education
, January 23, 1998, A36.

19.
The bigger endowments, too, have in some fashion contributed to the breakdown of the walls separating universities from the market (and from the priorities set by the market). For the past five years, academic investment offices have invested in not only developed but also
emerging
global markets, thus linking their schools more than ever to the global economy. On investments in emerging markets, see “Universities Weigh the Risk and Rewards of Investing in ‘Emerging Markets,’ ”
Chronicle of Higher Education
, March 13, 1998, A45. “Investing in emerging markets,” the
Chronicle
reported, “was virtually unheard of just 15 years ago.” In
another article, the same journal indicated that college investments in foreign markets had grown from 1.5 percent of the value of endowments in 1988 to 9.5 percent of that value in 1996 (“Ten Years after ‘Black Monday,’ Colleges Run with the Bulls,”
Chronicle of Higher Education
, October 17, 1997, A44).

20.
“Advanced Technology Program Proposal Preparation Kit” (U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, November 1996), 1. This program has not gotten the public (or historical) scrutiny it deserves. On the long history of this relation, Paul Gray, former president of MIT, has written that “no other country has had that capacity or linkage” (quoted in Norman Bowie, ed.,
The University-Business Partnerships
[Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994], pp. 122–23). On the different patterns in Germany, France, and so on, see Robert R. Locke, “Business Education in Germany: Past Systems and Current Practice,”
Business History Review
59 (summer 1985), 232–53; Locke,
End of the Practical Man, Entrepreneurship and Higher Education
in
Germany, France, and Great Britain, 1880–1942
(Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1984). On the business phaseout of research labs, see Walter Massey, “Uncertainties in the Changing Academic Profession,”
Daedalus
(fall 1997), 77; on the federal role, see David Noble, “Technology Transfer at MIT: A Critical View,” in Bowie,
The University-Business Partnerships
, pp. 130–31; on state enthusiasm, “States Compete to Recruit Top Scientists,”
WSJ
, April 23, 1997, A2.

21.
Rothblatt, “The ‘Place’ of Knowledge,” p. 262. See also Rothblatt,
The Modern University and Its Discontents
, pp. 43–48.