Darwin Among the Machines (60 page)

on self-organizing machines,
71

his theory of morphogenesis,
70
,
175

and von Neumann 88–89

Turing machine 9,
10
,
40
,
55–57
,
58–60
,
61
,
62
,
66
,
71–72
,
76
,
89
,
90
,
117
,
129–30
,
139
,
157
,
216–17

assumption of discreteness,
55–56

and cryptography and cryptanalysis,
62

and depth of mental field,
216–17

equivalence, with neural networks,
72
,
89–90
,
157

and mystery of mind,
73

and punched-card data processing,
61

and relation of sequence to structure,
56
,
72
,
216

and self-reproducing automata,
76

“state of mind,” and telecommunication,
139
,
143

as stored-program computer,
69
,
88
,
90

universal,
56–57
,
59
,
67
,
68
,
71
,
72
,
76
,
88
,
90
,
117

universality of, anticipated by Babbage and Peirce,
40
,
58–59

Turing, Sara,
68

U

UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles),
148

Ulam, Stanislaw (1909–1984)

on artificial intelligence,
157

on game theory and evolution,
153

on nuclear weapons and weather control,
88

on von Neumann,
76
,
77
,
85
,
109

ultraintelligent machines,
72
,
171
,
205
,
209

Unconscious Memory
(Butler),
27
,
34

undecidability.
See
incompleteness

UNIVAC,
91

Universe.
see also
digital universe

end of? 13

and intelligence,
18
,
170
,
186–187

as a long paper tape,
72

maximum diversity of,
35

and mind,
35
,
51
,
201

as stored-program computer,
41–42

Universities.
See under location
, University of

UNIX (operating system),
121

Unpredictability.
see also
weather prediction

of mind,
9
,
35
,
45
,
72–73
,
109–110

of software,
124
,
180
,
190

Usefulnesse of Mechanical Disciplines to Natural Philosophy
(Boyle),
75

utility function (game theory),
158
,
170

V

vacuum tubes,
10
,
39
,
44
,
65
,
81
,
94
,
98
,
103
,
108
,
121
,
179

Vail, Alfred,
142

value, and purposive systems,
158
,
164–65
,
167
,
170

Veblen, Oswald (1880–1960),
79
,
96
,
102

Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
(Chambers),
27
,
190

viruses,
113
,
116
,
117
,
200–201

viscosity

computational,
110

fluid, and Reynolds number,
84

Visicalc,
122

vision,
46
,
48
,
159

Volta, Alessandro (1745–1827),
141

von Neumann, John (1903–1957),
75–80
,
83–85
,
87–92
,
93
,
106–110
,
153–58

and artificial intelligence,
108–110
,
125
,
157
,
168

on bombs and computers,
75
,
78
,
82–83
,
92
,
107
,
153

and complexity and self-organization,
84–85
,
108–110
,
154–55
,
157–58
,
175
,
177–78
,
190

on the computer and the brain,
89–90
,
108–110
,
155–157

and computer networking,
88
,
144

and distinction between intelligence and logic,
157
,
182–83

and economics,
76
,
77
,
153–58
,
168
,
171

and EDVAC,
90–91
,
98

and ENIAC,
82–83

and game theory,
76
,
77
,
89
,
146
,
153–58
,
171
,
185

on Gödelian logic and self-reproducing systems,
190

and hydrodynamics,
84–85
,
107
,
110

on human-machine systems,
179

and IAS computer,
91
,
93
,
98–102
,
106–107
,
121
,
153

and IBM,
91

on information theory,
110
,
153
,
155
,
171

and mathematical logic,
58
,
78
,
153
,
154
,
157

and military technology and strategy,
75–76
,
78
,
80
,
82–83
,
91–92
,
144
,
146

on mind,
77
,
109
,
110
,
155–56
,
171
,
176

and neural networks,
89
,
108–110
,
155–58

on science, society, and moral judgment,
76
,
79

on the statistical language of the brain,
44–45
,
156–58
,
168
,
225

his theory of self-reproducing automata,
32
,
76
,
77
,
108–109
,
125
,
175
,
214

and Turing,
88–89

on the universe as a punched paper tape,
72
,
143–44

and weather prediction,
87–88
,
107

on Wiener's
Cybernetics
,
98

von Neumann architecture,
68
,
98
,
107
,
108–109
,
144
,
157
,
183

Von Neumann, Nicholas,
77

W

wafer, silicon,
8
,
202
,
214

Waller, Richard, on Hooke,
134–35

Ware, Willis H.,
83
,
98
,
100–102
,
104
,
148

watches, and the argument from design,
116
,
186
,
189

Watson, William,
139

Watt, James (1736–1839),
21
,
22

Way of All Flesh, The
(Butler),
17

weather prediction

and development of digital computers,
85–88

and IAS computer,
87–88
,
107

and Lewis Richardson,
86–87
,
88
,
110
,
196–97

by massively-parallel computation,
86
,
110
,
197

and weather control,
87–88

Weather Prediction by Numerical Process
(Richardson),
86
,
197

Weber, Wilhelm E.,
141

Wedgwood, Josiah (1730–1795),
21

Wells, H. G. (1866–1946),
10–11
,
209

Western Union,
142

Weyl, Hermann,
96

Wheatstone, Charles (1802–1875),
143

“Where Is Fancy Bred” (McCulloch),
213

Whirlwind (computer),
144
,
180

“Why do people think computers can't?” (Minsky),
7

Wiener, Norbert (1894–1964),
6
,
79
,
86
,
98
,
100–101
,
170

Wigner, Eugene P.,
77

Wilberforce, Bishop Samuel (1805–1873),
4
,
116

wilderness,
50
,
225
,
228

Wilkes, Maurice,
124

Wilkins, John (1614–1672),
132–33
,
143
,
160
,
166
,
225–26

Wilkinson, J. H.,
69

William of Malmesbury (1096?–1143),
212

Williams tube (memory),
104–105

Williams, Frederick C.,
104

Williams, J. D. (game theorist),
155

Williams, Sir Joshua,
17

Wilson, Edmund B.,
112

wireless.
See
radio

wisdom,
72
,
159
,
214
,
228

Womersly, J. R.,
68

Wong, S. Y.,
107

Woolf, Harry,
94

word processors,
214

World Brain
(Wells),
10–11

World Wide Web,
33
,
170
,
214–16

Wrens (Women's Royal Navy Service),
63
,
66

World War I,
62
,
79
,
86
,
193–98
,
220–21

World War II,
9–10
,
63–67
,
79–81
,
144
,
175
,
221

Z

zero-sum game, defined,
154

Zoonomia
(Erasmus Darwin),
19

Zworykin, Vladimir (1889–1982),
85
,
87
,
99
,
104–105

Zygalski, Henryk,
64