Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All (42 page)
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Authors: Paul A. Offit M.D.
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169
Structural differences:
“A Dose of Controversy,”
Dateline NBC
, August 30, 2009.
Structural differences:
“A Dose of Controversy,”
Dateline NBC
, August 30, 2009.
169
Studies evaluating mercury toxicity in vaccines:
Institute of Medicine,
Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism
(Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2004).
10. Dr. BobStudies evaluating mercury toxicity in vaccines:
Institute of Medicine,
Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism
(Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2004).
171
Sears’s book:
R. W. Sears,
The Vaccine Book: Making the Right Decision for Your Child
(New York: Little, Brown, 2007). All quotes from Robert Sears were obtained from this source.
Sears’s book:
R. W. Sears,
The Vaccine Book: Making the Right Decision for Your Child
(New York: Little, Brown, 2007). All quotes from Robert Sears were obtained from this source.
172
Parents want alternative schedule:
Author interview with several pediatricians.
Parents want alternative schedule:
Author interview with several pediatricians.
173
Number of immunological components in vaccines:
P. A. Offit, J. Quarles, M. A. Gerber, et al., “Addressing Parents’ Concerns: Do Multiple Vaccines Overwhelm or Weaken the Infant’s Immune System?”
Pediatrics
109 (2002): 124-129.
Number of immunological components in vaccines:
P. A. Offit, J. Quarles, M. A. Gerber, et al., “Addressing Parents’ Concerns: Do Multiple Vaccines Overwhelm or Weaken the Infant’s Immune System?”
Pediatrics
109 (2002): 124-129.
174
Number of viral infections in first few years of life:
J. H. Dingle, G. F. Badger, W. S. Jordan,
Illness in the Home: A Study of 25,000 Illnesses in a Group of Cleveland Families
(Cleveland: The Press of Western Reserve University, 1964).
Number of viral infections in first few years of life:
J. H. Dingle, G. F. Badger, W. S. Jordan,
Illness in the Home: A Study of 25,000 Illnesses in a Group of Cleveland Families
(Cleveland: The Press of Western Reserve University, 1964).
174
Cohn and Langman paper:
M. Cohn and R. E. Langman, “The Protecton: The Unit of Humoral Immunity Selected by Evolution,”
Immunological Reviews
115 (1990): 9-147.
Cohn and Langman paper:
M. Cohn and R. E. Langman, “The Protecton: The Unit of Humoral Immunity Selected by Evolution,”
Immunological Reviews
115 (1990): 9-147.
175
Vaccine spacing and neurological outcomes:
M. J. Smith and C. R. Woods, “On-Time Vaccine Receipt in the First Year Does Not Adversely Affect Neuropsychological Outcomes,”
Pediatrics
125 (2010): 1-8.
Vaccine spacing and neurological outcomes:
M. J. Smith and C. R. Woods, “On-Time Vaccine Receipt in the First Year Does Not Adversely Affect Neuropsychological Outcomes,”
Pediatrics
125 (2010): 1-8.
175
Hepatitis B vaccine studies on newborns:
S. M. Wheely, P. T. Jackson, E. H. Boxhall, et al., “Prevention of Perinatal Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): A Comparison of Two Prophylactic Schedules,”
Journal of Medical Virology
35 (1991): 212-215; V. C. Wong, H. M. Ip, H. W. Reesink, et al., “Prevention of the HBsAg Carrier State in Newborns of Mothers Who Are Chronic Carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by Administration of Hepatitis-B Vaccine and Hepatitis-B Immunoglobulin: Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study,”
The Lancet
28 (1984): 921-926; O. W. Prozesky, C. E. Stevens, W. Szmuness, et al., “Immune Response to Hepatitis B Vaccine in Newborns,”
Journal of Infection
7 (suppl. I) (1983): 53-55.
Hepatitis B vaccine studies on newborns:
S. M. Wheely, P. T. Jackson, E. H. Boxhall, et al., “Prevention of Perinatal Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): A Comparison of Two Prophylactic Schedules,”
Journal of Medical Virology
35 (1991): 212-215; V. C. Wong, H. M. Ip, H. W. Reesink, et al., “Prevention of the HBsAg Carrier State in Newborns of Mothers Who Are Chronic Carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by Administration of Hepatitis-B Vaccine and Hepatitis-B Immunoglobulin: Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study,”
The Lancet
28 (1984): 921-926; O. W. Prozesky, C. E. Stevens, W. Szmuness, et al., “Immune Response to Hepatitis B Vaccine in Newborns,”
Journal of Infection
7 (suppl. I) (1983): 53-55.
177
Studies on aluminum elimination and toxicity:
N. W. Baylor, W. Egan, and P. Richman, “Aluminum Salts in Vaccines—US Perspective,”
Vaccine
20 (2002): S18-S23; N. J. Bishop, R. Morley, J. P. Day, and A. Lucas, “Aluminum Neurotoxicity in Preterm Infants Receiving Intravenous-Feeding Solutions,”
New England Journal of Medicine
336 (1997): 1557-1561; Committee on Nutrition, “Aluminum Toxicity in Infants and Children,”
Pediatrics
97 (1996): 413-416; P. O. Ganrot, “Metabolism and Possible Health Effects of Aluminum,”
Environmental Health Perspectives
65 (1986): 363-441; L. S. Keith, D. E. Jones, and C. Chou, “Aluminum Toxicokinetics Regarding Infant Diet and Vaccinations,”
Vaccine
20 (2002): S13-S17; J. A. Pennington, “Aluminum Content of Food and Diets,”
Food Additives and Contaminants
5 (1987): 164-232; K. Simmer, A. Fudge, J. Teubner, and S. L. James, “Aluminum Concentrations in Infant Formula,”
Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
26 (1990): 9-11.
Studies on aluminum elimination and toxicity:
N. W. Baylor, W. Egan, and P. Richman, “Aluminum Salts in Vaccines—US Perspective,”
Vaccine
20 (2002): S18-S23; N. J. Bishop, R. Morley, J. P. Day, and A. Lucas, “Aluminum Neurotoxicity in Preterm Infants Receiving Intravenous-Feeding Solutions,”
New England Journal of Medicine
336 (1997): 1557-1561; Committee on Nutrition, “Aluminum Toxicity in Infants and Children,”
Pediatrics
97 (1996): 413-416; P. O. Ganrot, “Metabolism and Possible Health Effects of Aluminum,”
Environmental Health Perspectives
65 (1986): 363-441; L. S. Keith, D. E. Jones, and C. Chou, “Aluminum Toxicokinetics Regarding Infant Diet and Vaccinations,”
Vaccine
20 (2002): S13-S17; J. A. Pennington, “Aluminum Content of Food and Diets,”
Food Additives and Contaminants
5 (1987): 164-232; K. Simmer, A. Fudge, J. Teubner, and S. L. James, “Aluminum Concentrations in Infant Formula,”
Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
26 (1990): 9-11.
179
Formaldehyde:
“Epidemiology of Chronic Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde: Report of the Ad Hoc Panel on Health Aspects of Formaldehyde,”
Toxicology and Industrial Health
4 (1988): 77-90; A. T. Natarajan, F. Darroudi, C.J.M. Bussman, et al., “Evaluation of the Mutagenicity of Formaldehyde in Mammalian Cytogenetic Assays
In Vivo
and
In Vitro
,”
Mutation Research
122 (1983): 355-360; H. P. Til, R. A. Woutersen, V. J. Feron, et al., “Two-Year Drinking-Water Study of Formaldehyde in Rats,”
Food Chemical Toxicology
27 (1989): 77-87; F. M. Huennekens and M. J. Osborne, “Folic Acid Coenzymes and One-Carbon Metabolism,”
Advances in Enzymology
21 (1959): 369-446; H. Heck, M. Casanova-Schmitz, P. B. Dodd, et al., “Formaldehyde (CH
2
O) Concentrations in the Blood of Humans and Fischer-344 Rats Exposed to CH
2
O Under Controlled Conditions,”
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
46 (1985): 1-3.
Formaldehyde:
“Epidemiology of Chronic Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde: Report of the Ad Hoc Panel on Health Aspects of Formaldehyde,”
Toxicology and Industrial Health
4 (1988): 77-90; A. T. Natarajan, F. Darroudi, C.J.M. Bussman, et al., “Evaluation of the Mutagenicity of Formaldehyde in Mammalian Cytogenetic Assays
In Vivo
and
In Vitro
,”
Mutation Research
122 (1983): 355-360; H. P. Til, R. A. Woutersen, V. J. Feron, et al., “Two-Year Drinking-Water Study of Formaldehyde in Rats,”
Food Chemical Toxicology
27 (1989): 77-87; F. M. Huennekens and M. J. Osborne, “Folic Acid Coenzymes and One-Carbon Metabolism,”
Advances in Enzymology
21 (1959): 369-446; H. Heck, M. Casanova-Schmitz, P. B. Dodd, et al., “Formaldehyde (CH
2
O) Concentrations in the Blood of Humans and Fischer-344 Rats Exposed to CH
2
O Under Controlled Conditions,”
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
46 (1985): 1-3.
180
VAERS reports by personal-injury lawyers:
M. J. Goodman and J. Nordin, “Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System Reporting Source: A Possible Source of Bias in Longitudinal Studies,”
Pediatrics
117 (2006): 387-390.
VAERS reports by personal-injury lawyers:
M. J. Goodman and J. Nordin, “Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System Reporting Source: A Possible Source of Bias in Longitudinal Studies,”
Pediatrics
117 (2006): 387-390.
181
MMR vaccine causes a low platelet count:
R. A. Oski and J. L. Naiman, “Effect of Live Measles Vaccine on the Platelet Count,”
New England Journal of Medicine
275 (1966): 352-356.
MMR vaccine causes a low platelet count:
R. A. Oski and J. L. Naiman, “Effect of Live Measles Vaccine on the Platelet Count,”
New England Journal of Medicine
275 (1966): 352-356.
181
Thimerosal in vaccines doesn’t cause autism:
K. M. Madsen, M. B. Lauritsen, C. B. Pedersen, et al., “Thimerosal and the Occurrence of Autism: Negative Ecological Evidence from Danish Population-Based Data,”
Pediatrics
112 (2003): 604-606; A. Hviid, M. Stellfeld, J. Wohlfahrt, and M. Melbye, “Association Between Thimerosal-Containing Vaccine and Autism,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
290 (2003): 1763-1766.
Thimerosal in vaccines doesn’t cause autism:
K. M. Madsen, M. B. Lauritsen, C. B. Pedersen, et al., “Thimerosal and the Occurrence of Autism: Negative Ecological Evidence from Danish Population-Based Data,”
Pediatrics
112 (2003): 604-606; A. Hviid, M. Stellfeld, J. Wohlfahrt, and M. Melbye, “Association Between Thimerosal-Containing Vaccine and Autism,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
290 (2003): 1763-1766.
181
HPV vaccine testing:
J. T. Schiller, I. H. Frazer, and D. R. Lowy, “Human Papillomavirus Vaccines,” in
Vaccines
, 5th ed., eds. S. A. Plotkin, W. A. Orenstein, and P. A. Offit (London: Elsevier/Saunders, 2008).
HPV vaccine testing:
J. T. Schiller, I. H. Frazer, and D. R. Lowy, “Human Papillomavirus Vaccines,” in
Vaccines
, 5th ed., eds. S. A. Plotkin, W. A. Orenstein, and P. A. Offit (London: Elsevier/Saunders, 2008).
181
Pneumococcal vaccine testing:
S. Black, H. Shinefield, B. Fireman, et al., “Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children: Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Group,”
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
19 (2000): 187-195.
Pneumococcal vaccine testing:
S. Black, H. Shinefield, B. Fireman, et al., “Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children: Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Group,”
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
19 (2000): 187-195.
181
Rotavirus vaccine testing:
T. Vesikari, D. O. Matson, P. Dennehy, et al., “Safety and Efficacy of a Pentavalent Human-Bovine (WC3) Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccine,”
New England Journal of Medicine
354 (2006): 22-33; G. M. Ruiz-Palacios, I. Perez-Schael, F. R. Velázquez, et al., “Safety and Efficacy of an Attenuated Vaccine Against Severe Rotavirus Gastroenteritis,”
New England Journal of Medicine
354 (2006): 11-21.
Rotavirus vaccine testing:
T. Vesikari, D. O. Matson, P. Dennehy, et al., “Safety and Efficacy of a Pentavalent Human-Bovine (WC3) Reassortant Rotavirus Vaccine,”
New England Journal of Medicine
354 (2006): 22-33; G. M. Ruiz-Palacios, I. Perez-Schael, F. R. Velázquez, et al., “Safety and Efficacy of an Attenuated Vaccine Against Severe Rotavirus Gastroenteritis,”
New England Journal of Medicine
354 (2006): 11-21.
181
Pneumococcal infections in children:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Preventing Pneumococcal Disease Among Infants and Young Children: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP),”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
49 (2000): 1-35.
Pneumococcal infections in children:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Preventing Pneumococcal Disease Among Infants and Young Children: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP),”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
49 (2000): 1-35.
182
Shannon Peterson:
L. Szabo, “Missed Vaccines Weaken ‘Herd Immunity’ in Children,”
USA Today
, January 6, 2010.
Shannon Peterson:
L. Szabo, “Missed Vaccines Weaken ‘Herd Immunity’ in Children,”
USA Today
, January 6, 2010.
182
Anti-vaccine activists and adders, bats:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 114.
Anti-vaccine activists and adders, bats:
Durbach,
Bodily Matters
, 114.
182
McCarthy and vaccine ingredients:
http:///www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDe_PAltC1A
;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mBqta02d68&feature=related
.
McCarthy and vaccine ingredients:
http:///www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDe_PAltC1A
;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mBqta02d68&feature=related
.
182
Prion biology:
P. A. Offit, R. L. Davis, and D. Gust, “Vaccine Safety,” in
Vaccines
, 5th ed., eds. S. A. Plotkin, W. A. Orenstein, and P. A. Offit (London: Elsevier/Saunders, 2008).
Prion biology:
P. A. Offit, R. L. Davis, and D. Gust, “Vaccine Safety,” in
Vaccines
, 5th ed., eds. S. A. Plotkin, W. A. Orenstein, and P. A. Offit (London: Elsevier/Saunders, 2008).
183
Hepatitis B infections in children:
G. L. Armstrong, E. F. Mast, M. Wojczynski, and H. S. Margolis, “Childhood Hepatitis B Virus Infections in the United States Before Hepatitis B Immunization,”
Pediatrics
108 (2001 ): 1123-1128.
Hepatitis B infections in children:
G. L. Armstrong, E. F. Mast, M. Wojczynski, and H. S. Margolis, “Childhood Hepatitis B Virus Infections in the United States Before Hepatitis B Immunization,”
Pediatrics
108 (2001 ): 1123-1128.
186
Diphtheria in the Russian Federation:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Diphtheria Outbreak—Russian Federation, 1990-1993,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
42 (1993): 840-847.
Diphtheria in the Russian Federation:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Diphtheria Outbreak—Russian Federation, 1990-1993,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
42 (1993): 840-847.
186
Hib in the United States:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Invasive
Haemophilus Influenzae
Type B Disease in Five Young Children—Minnesota, 2008,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
58 (2008): 1-3; D. Sapatkin, “A Fatal Link in Vaccine Shortage,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, April 1, 2009.
Hib in the United States:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Invasive
Haemophilus Influenzae
Type B Disease in Five Young Children—Minnesota, 2008,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
58 (2008): 1-3; D. Sapatkin, “A Fatal Link in Vaccine Shortage,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, April 1, 2009.
188
Mehmet Oz on TV:
The Joy Behar Show
, January 12, 2010.
Mehmet Oz on TV:
The Joy Behar Show
, January 12, 2010.
188
Oz and Roizen book:
M. Oz and M. Roizen,
YOU: Having a Baby: The Owner’s Manual to a Happy and Healthy Pregnancy
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009). All subsequent references to Oz’s and Roizen’s view of vaccines is taken from this source.
Oz and Roizen book:
M. Oz and M. Roizen,
YOU: Having a Baby: The Owner’s Manual to a Happy and Healthy Pregnancy
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009). All subsequent references to Oz’s and Roizen’s view of vaccines is taken from this source.
190
FDA warning about rotavirus vaccine:
Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Public Health Notification: Information on RotaTeq and Intussusception,” February 13, 2007.
FDA warning about rotavirus vaccine:
Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Public Health Notification: Information on RotaTeq and Intussusception,” February 13, 2007.
190
CDC study on rotavirus vaccine and intussusception:
P. Haber, M. Patel, H. S. Izurieta, et al., “Post-Licensure Monitoring of Intussusception After RotaTeq Vaccination in the United States, February 1, 2006-September 25, 2007,”
Pediatrics
121 (2008): 1206-1212.
11. TrustCDC study on rotavirus vaccine and intussusception:
P. Haber, M. Patel, H. S. Izurieta, et al., “Post-Licensure Monitoring of Intussusception After RotaTeq Vaccination in the United States, February 1, 2006-September 25, 2007,”
Pediatrics
121 (2008): 1206-1212.
193
Christian Scientists and public responsibility:
Fraser,
Perfect Child
, 177-178.
Christian Scientists and public responsibility:
Fraser,
Perfect Child
, 177-178.
193
Whitney case:
Ibid., 271-272.
Whitney case:
Ibid., 271-272.
193
Sutherland case:
Ibid., 276-277.
Sutherland case:
Ibid., 276-277.
194
Cornelius case:
Ibid., 277-279.
Cornelius case:
Ibid., 277-279.
194
Sheridan case:
Ibid., 279-284.
Sheridan case:
Ibid., 279-284.
194
Swan case:
Ibid., 285-298.
Swan case:
Ibid., 285-298.
194
Walker case:
Ibid., 298-300.
Walker case:
Ibid., 298-300.
195
Twitchell case:
Ibid., 303-305.
Twitchell case:
Ibid., 303-305.
195
King case:
Ibid., 305-309.
King case:
Ibid., 305-309.
195
McKown case:
Ibid., 310-317.
McKown case:
Ibid., 310-317.
195
States repealing religious exemptions:
Ibid., 337.
States repealing religious exemptions:
Ibid., 337.
196
Hinman regarding exemptions:
Author interview with Alan Hinman, December 7, 2009.
Hinman regarding exemptions:
Author interview with Alan Hinman, December 7, 2009.
196
Orenstein regarding exemptions:
Author interview with Walter Orenstein, December 18, 2009.
Orenstein regarding exemptions:
Author interview with Walter Orenstein, December 18, 2009.
196
Influenza virus in hospitals:
G. A. Poland, P. Tosh, and R. M. Jacobson, “Requiring Influenza Vaccination for Healthcare Workers: Seven Truths We Must Accept,”
Vaccine
23 (2005): 2251-2255.
Influenza virus in hospitals:
G. A. Poland, P. Tosh, and R. M. Jacobson, “Requiring Influenza Vaccination for Healthcare Workers: Seven Truths We Must Accept,”
Vaccine
23 (2005): 2251-2255.
197
Hospitals mandate influenza vaccine:
T. Redlup, “Hospital Workers Fired After Refusing Flu Vaccine,”
Vaccine News Daily
, January 14, 2010,
http://vaccinenewsdaily.com/news/211617-hospital-workers-fired-after-refusing-flu-vaccine
.
Hospitals mandate influenza vaccine:
T. Redlup, “Hospital Workers Fired After Refusing Flu Vaccine,”
Vaccine News Daily
, January 14, 2010,
http://vaccinenewsdaily.com/news/211617-hospital-workers-fired-after-refusing-flu-vaccine
.
197
Influenza vaccine policy at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia:
E. Smith, “At CHOP, No Flu, No Job. No Sense?”
Philadelphia Daily News
, December 5, 2009.
Influenza vaccine policy at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia:
E. Smith, “At CHOP, No Flu, No Job. No Sense?”
Philadelphia Daily News
, December 5, 2009.
198
Brad Dyer and manifesto:
C. K. Johnson, “1 in 4 Parents Believe Vaccines Cause Autism,”
Associated Press
, March 1, 2010.
Brad Dyer and manifesto:
C. K. Johnson, “1 in 4 Parents Believe Vaccines Cause Autism,”
Associated Press
, March 1, 2010.
198
Dyer’s vaccine policy:
B. J. Dyer, R. C. Duncheskie, A. Lehovich, et al., “All Star Pediatrics’ Vaccine Policy Statement,”
AAP News
29 (2008): 26.
Dyer’s vaccine policy:
B. J. Dyer, R. C. Duncheskie, A. Lehovich, et al., “All Star Pediatrics’ Vaccine Policy Statement,”
AAP News
29 (2008): 26.
199
Dyer on parent response:
C. K. Johnson, “1 in 4 Parents Believe Vaccines Cause Autism,”
Associated Press
, March 1, 2010.
Dyer on parent response:
C. K. Johnson, “1 in 4 Parents Believe Vaccines Cause Autism,”
Associated Press
, March 1, 2010.
199
Salamone on CDC officials:
Author interview with John Salamone, December 4, 2009.
Salamone on CDC officials:
Author interview with John Salamone, December 4, 2009.
200
Orenstein on being human:
Author interview with Walter Orenstein, December 18, 2009.
Orenstein on being human:
Author interview with Walter Orenstein, December 18, 2009.
200
Attkisson regarding Every Child by Two:
“Follow the Money,” Sharyl Attkisson and Katie Couric,
CBS Evening News
, July 25, 2008.
Attkisson regarding Every Child by Two:
“Follow the Money,” Sharyl Attkisson and Katie Couric,
CBS Evening News
, July 25, 2008.
201
Attkisson regarding AAP:
Ibid.
Attkisson regarding AAP:
Ibid.
203
Orenstein regarding conspiracy theories:
Author interview with Walter Orenstein, December 18, 2009.
Orenstein regarding conspiracy theories:
Author interview with Walter Orenstein, December 18, 2009.
203
David Aaronovitch regarding conspiracy theories:
D. Aaronovitch, “A Conspiracy-Theory Theory,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 19-20, 2009.
David Aaronovitch regarding conspiracy theories:
D. Aaronovitch, “A Conspiracy-Theory Theory,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 19-20, 2009.
204
Rebecca Estepp on TV:
World News Tonight
, ABC, March 12, 2010.
Rebecca Estepp on TV:
World News Tonight
, ABC, March 12, 2010.
204
Estepp in
New York Times
:
D. G. McNeil, Jr., “3 Rulings Find No Link to Vaccines and Autism,”
New York Times
, March 12, 2010.
Estepp in
New York Times
:
D. G. McNeil, Jr., “3 Rulings Find No Link to Vaccines and Autism,”
New York Times
, March 12, 2010.
205
Penny Heaton speech:
Author witnessed this presentation in 2005.
EpiloguePenny Heaton speech:
Author witnessed this presentation in 2005.
207
NPR program:
“Ruining It for the Rest of Us,”
This American Life
, National Public Radio, December 19, 2008,
www.thisamericanlife.org/Radio_Episode.aspx?sched=1275
.
NPR program:
“Ruining It for the Rest of Us,”
This American Life
, National Public Radio, December 19, 2008,
www.thisamericanlife.org/Radio_Episode.aspx?sched=1275
.
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