Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (159 page)

6.
SWDXP-2
, p. 347.

7.
Ibid., p. 356.

8.
Richard Baum,
Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 145.

9.
Manion,
Retirement of Revolutionaries in China
, pp. 55–56; ibid., pp. 144–145.

10.
Hongqi
(Red Flag), no. 6 (1982): 5, quoted in Wolfgang Bartke and Peter Scheier,
China's New Party Leadership: Biographies and Analyses of the Twelfth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1985), p. 26.

11.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun zishu
(Twelve Springs and Autumns, 1975–1987: Deng Liqun's Autobiography) (Hong Kong: Bozhi chubanshe, 2006), p. 208; Yang Jisheng,
Deng Xiaoping shidai: Zhongguo gaige kaifang ershinian jishi
(The Age of Deng Xiaoping: A Record of Twenty Years of China's Reform and Opening), 2 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang bianyi chubanshe, 1998), 2:479–480;
SWDXP-2
, p. 384, also pp. 373–376, 383–386; Richard Kraus, “Bai Hua: The
Political Authority of a Writer,” in Carol Lee Hamrin and Timothy Cheek, eds.,
China's Establishment Intellectuals
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1986), pp. 185–211. For some of the text of the play, see Michael S. Duke,
Blooming and Contending: Chinese Literature in the Post-Mao Era
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985); Merle Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China: Political Reform in the Deng Xiaoping Era
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 88–112;W. J. F. Jenner, “1979: A New Start for Literature in China?”
The China Quarterly
, no. 86 (June 1981): 274–303.

12.
For some of this literature, see Jinhua Lu et al.,
The Wounded: New Stories of the Cultural Revolution, 77–78
(Hong Kong: Joint Publishing, 1979); Perry Link, ed.,
Stubborn Weeds: Popular and Controversial Chinese Literature after the Cultural Revolution
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983); Perry Link, ed.,
Roses and Thorns: The Second Blooming of the Hundred Flowers in Chinese Fiction, 1979–80
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Binyan Liu,
People or Monsters? And Other Stories and Reportage from China after Mao
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983). For accounts placing these stories in context, see Link's introduction to these three volumes and Merle Goldman,
Chinese Intellectuals: Advise and Dissent
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981). See also Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy.
For an account of the role of the writer and the context in which he wrote, see Perry Link,
The Uses of Literature: Life in the Socialist Chinese Literary System
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).

13.
Link,
Stubborn Weeds
, pp. 21–23.

14.
Ruan,
Deng Xiaoping
, pp. 116–117.

15.
Ibid., pp. 120–121.

16.
Ibid.

17.
Ibid. Also interviews with Ruan Ming, 1993–1994.

18.
Yang Jisheng,
Deng Xiaoping shidai
, pp. 177–179; interview with Sun Changjiang, August 2006.

19.
Ruan,
Deng Xiaoping
, pp. 121–130.

20.
DXPNP-2
, March 14, 1983.

21.
Ibid., March 15, 1983; Ziyang Zhao,
Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang
, trans. and ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), pp. 115–116.

22.
Ruan,
Deng Xiaoping
, pp. 129–130; Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 256–258;
CYNP
, March 17, 1983.

23.
CYNP
, March 17, 1983.

24.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 258–259.

25.
Sheng Ping, ed.,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu: 1975–1989
(A Chronology of Hu Yaobang's Thought: 1975–1989), 2 vols. (Hong Kong: Taide shidai chubanshe, 2007), November 1986, 2:1293.

26.
Ibid., 2:1215.

27.
Quoted in Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy
, p. 117.

28.
Ibid., pp. 119–120.

29.
Ibid., pp. 270–272.

30.
SWDXP-3
, pp. 47–58; ibid., pp. 122–127.

31.
SWDXP-3
, pp. 47–58.

32.
Ibid., p. 57; Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 274–275.

33.
Ruan,
Deng Xiaoping
, p. 135; Binyan Liu,
A Higher Kind of Loyalty: A Memoir by China's Foremost Journalist
(New York: Pantheon, 1990), p. 173; Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy
, pp. 121–128; Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 269–312.

34.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, p. 338.

35.
Ibid., pp. 315, 336–343.

36.
Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy
, pp. 137–165; ibid., pp. 320–322.

37.
DXPNP-2
, January 2, 1985; Goldman,
Sowing the Seeds of Democracy
, p. 138.

38.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, 2:1310.

39.
Ibid., 2:1080–1086.

40.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 320–322, 346–347.

41.
Ibid.

42.
Ibid., pp. 336–343.

43.
Interviews with Zhu Houze, August 2006 and September 2006.

44.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, p. 370.

45.
Ibid. Deng Liqun writes that Deng Xiaoping had Hu Qiaomu prepare this speech, but friends of Hu Yaobang who edited his papers report that Deng Xiaoping said Hu Qiaomu made an error in opposing spiritual pollution and that he would make his own revisions to the speech and not ask Hu Qiaomu to revise it. See Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, 2:1085.

46.
SWDXP-3
, pp. 146, 148.

47.
Ibid., p. 148.

48.
Zheng Zhongbing,
Hu Yaobang nianpu ziliao changbian
, September 18, 1985, 2:1042–1045.

49.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, 2:1310.

50.
Ibid., 2:1113, 1303–1310; the full interview is in 2:1110–1116. See also Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 445–446.

51.
Report from Don Keyser, February 2010, then on the staff of the American embassy, Beijing.

52.
Baum,
Burying Mao
, pp. 187–188.

53.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, January 16, 1987, 2:1310.

54.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, p. 347.

55.
“Younger People Elected to Party Central Committee,” Xinhua, September
22, 1985; Daniel Southerland, “China Replaces 91 in Party Committee: Move Seen Strengthening Deng's Control,”
The Washington Post
, September 22, 1985, A17.

56.
Interviews with Australian Prime Minister Robert Hawke (who traveled with Hu Qili in Australia), June 2001 and November 2002.

57.
DXPNP-2
, September 18, 1985, pp. 1078–1080.

58.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, p. 365.

59.
SWDXP-3
, p. 163;
DXPNP-2
, June 10, 1986.

60.
Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu
, May 1986, 2:1212; January 16, 1987, 2:1311.

61.
SWDXP-3
, p. 167;
DXPNP-2
, June 28, 1986.

62.
Wu Guoguang,
Zhao Ziyang yu zhengzhi gaige
(Political Reform under Zhao Ziyang) (Hong Kong: Taipingyang shiji yanjiusuo, 1997), pp. 21, 27–35.

63.
Yizi Chen, “The Decision Process behind the 1986–1989 Political Reforms,” in Carol Lee Hamrin and Suisheng Zhao, eds.,
Decision-Making in Deng's China: Perspectives from Insiders
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), p. 135; Guoguang Wu, “Hard Politics with Soft Institutions: China's Political Reform, 1986–1989,” Ph.D. thesis, Department of Politics, Princeton University, 1995, ch. 2. Wu Guoguang, who came to the United States in the spring of 1989, was a member of Zhao's office staff, which included Yan Jiaqi and Chen Yizi. See Guoguang Wu and Helen Lansdowne, eds.,
Zhao Ziyang and China's Political Future
(London: Rout-ledge, 2008).

64.
On September 13, 1986, when Deng met with leading members of the Finance and Economics Leadership Small Group, Zhao Ziyang, Yao Yilin, Tian Jiyun, and others, to discuss economic issues and prepare for the 13th Party Congress, Deng reiterated that they should separate government duties from party responsibilities, decentralize authority, and streamline government functions. He said that the party should deal with the discipline of party members, but legal issues should be left to the government. See
DXPNP-2
, September 13, 1986;
SWDXP-3
, p. 179; Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi Deng Xiaoping yanjiu zu (Central Chinese Communist Party Literature Research Office, Research Team on Deng Xiaoping), ed.,
Deng Xiaoping zishu
(Deng Xiaoping in His Own Words) (Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 2005), pp. 200–201.

65.
Wu, “Hard Politics with Soft Institutions,” ch. 2.

66.
Ibid.; Wu Guoguang,
Zhao Ziyang yu zhengzhi gaige.

67.
Ibid.

68.
Wu Guoguang,
Zhao Ziyang yu zhengzhi gaige.

69.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, p. 480.

70.
David Bachman, “Differing Visions of China's Post-Mao Economy: The Ideas of Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, and Zhao Ziyang,”
Asian Survey
26, no. 3 (March 1986): 293–321.

71.
SWDXP-3
, p. 213.

72.
Wu, “Hard Politics with Soft Institutions,” ch. 2, n100.

73.
Data on television ownership are from Link,
The Uses of Literature
, p. 35; and Robin Munro, “Political Reform, Student Demonstrations and the Conservative Backlash,” in Robert Benewick and Paul Wingrove, eds.,
Reforming the Revolution: China in Transition
(Chicago: Dorsey, 1988), p. 71. Munro was a reporter in China at the time.

74.
Interviews with Singapore officials, October 2004. See also Yang Jisheng,
Zhongguo gaige niandai de zhengzhi douzheng
(Political Struggles during the Period of China's Reform) (Hong Kong: Excellent Culture Press, 2004), pp. 317–326.

75.
Wu, “Hard Politics with Soft Institutions”; Wu Guoguang,
Zhao Ziyang yu zhengzhi gaige.
For research on social conditions at the time, see chapters by Deborah Davis, Thomas B. Gold, Gail Henderson, Charlotte Ikels, Richard Madsen, and Andrew Walder in Deborah Davis and Ezra F. Vogel, eds.,
Chinese Society on the Eve of Tiananmen: The Impact of Reform
(Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1990); Ezra F. Vogel,
One Step Ahead in China: Guangdong under Reform
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 403.

76.
See Stanley Rosen, “The Impact of Reform Policies on Youth Attitudes,” in Davis and Vogel,
Chinese Society on the Eve of Tiananmen
, p. 292.

77.
Benedict Stavis,
China's Political Reforms: An Interim Report
(New York: Praeger, 1988), pp. 89–107. Stavis was at Fudan University, Shanghai, from September 1986 to January 1987 at the time when these incidents were taking place.