Divided we Fail (34 page)

10
. Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier
, 217.

11
. Massey and Denton,
American Apartheid
, 55.

12
. Robert Hermann, “Land Buying to Being in July for 2 Downtown Renewal Areas,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 28, 1981.

13
. Shafer, “Changed City.”

14
. Rob Deitel, “West Downtown Took 2 Decades,”
Louisville Times
, February 7, 1985.

15
. Bert Emke, “Urban Renewal: Friend or Foe of the Poor?”
Louisville Times
, September 12, 1969.

16
. Deitel, “West Downtown.”

17
. “Clearing the Way for West End Renewal,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 21, 1965.

18
. Emke, “Urban Renewal.”

19
. Author interview with Norbert Logsdon, June 15, 2009; Catherine Fosl and Tracy E. K'Meyer,
Freedom on the Border: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement in Kentucky
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2009), 131.

20
. James Braun, “Urban Renewal,” in Kleber,
Encyclopedia of Louisville
, 905.

21
. David Remnick,
King of the World
(New York: Vintage Books, 1999), 81–82.

22
. Ibid., 87–88; Muhammad Ali,
Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life's Journey
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 11.

23
. Remnick,
King of the World
, 81–96.

24
. Ali,
Soul of a Butterfly
, 34–39.

25
. Remnick,
King of the World
, 105–6.

26
. Ibid., 101, 106; Ali,
Soul of a Butterfly
, 29–32.

27
. Tilford-Weathers,
A History of Louisville Central High School
, 16–23.

28
. Merrick, “Public Housing,” 734.

29
. “King, Alfred Daniel Williams,” in Kleber,
Encyclopedia of Louisville
, 484.

30
. Clayborne Carson, foreword to
The Black Panthers Speak
, Philip Foner, ed. (Boston, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002), x-xii.

31
. “Oakland Officer Slain in Black Panther Clash,”
Los Angeles Times
, October 29, 1967.

32
. Remnick,
King of the World
, 205–10.

33
. Ali,
Soul of a Butterfly
, 66.

34
. Remnick,
King of the World
, 205–10.

35
. Ibid., 287.

36
. Tracy E. K'Meyer,
Civil Rights in the Gateway to the South
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2009), 179.

37
. Ibid., 179–85.

38
. Ibid., 187; “Economic Equality Is Proving Elusive,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, May 29, 1988.

39
. K'Meyer,
Gateway
, 187.

40
. Ibid., 188–89.

41
. Ibid.

42
. Carmichael later said he had not been turned away at the airport and denied that he had planned on coming to the rally at all: ibid., 189; Anne Moore, “Carmichael Rumors Helped Start Riots,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 16, 1968.

43
. K'Meyer,
Gateway
, 188; “Schmied, Kenneth Allen,” in Kleber,
Encyclopedia of Louisville
, 789.

44
. “Schmied,” Kleber,
Encyclopedia of Louisville
, 789; K'Meyer,
Gateway
, 103, 17–129.

45
. “Rioting Breaks Out in Louisville,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, May 28, 1968.

46
. Ibid.

47
. Ibid.

48
. David Diaz Jr., “Somebody Threw a Bottle—Then ‘Oh Baby . . . It's Really Happening,' ”
Louisville Times
, May 18, 1968.

49
. Ibid.

50
. Paul M. Branzburg, “Looters Took Goods—and Revenge,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 16, 1968.

51
. Moore, “Carmichael Rumors”; K'Meyer,
Gateway
, 190; “Protesters Ask Removal of Guard,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, May 29, 1968.

52
. “Riots Flare Anew in Louisville's West End,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, May 29, 1968.

53
. “Restraint Marred by Bloodshed,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 16, 1968.

54
. Branzburg, “Looters Took”; John Finley, “Anger, Frustration Fanned Riots Despite Carnival Spirit,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 16, 1968.

55
. “Cortez, 5 Others Indicted as Plotters,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, October 18, 1968.

56
. Rudy Johnson, “Negroes in Louisville Are Still Tense and Bitter after May 28 Riot That Left 2 Dead,”
New York Times
, June 17, 1968.

Chapter 10

1
. Details of Joyce Spond's life from author interview with Joyce Spond, April 14, 2010.

2
. “Urban and Rural Population: 1900 to 1990,” table, US Census Bureau, October 1995,
http://www.census.gov/
.

3
. Edward Bennett and Carolyn Gatz,
Louisville
,
Kentucky: A Restoring Prosperity Case Study
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, September 2008), 12,
http://www.brookings.edu/
.

4
. C. Vann Woodward, “The Search for Southern Identity,” in
Myth and Southern History:
Vol. 2,
The New South
, Patrick Gerster and Nicholas Cords, eds. (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 121; Matthew D. Lassiter and Kevin M. Kruse, “The Bulldozer Revolution: Suburbs and Southern History Since World War II,”
Journal of Southern History
75, no. 3 (2009): 691–706.

5
. Douglas Massey and Susan Denton,
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 148–50; Kenneth Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).

6
. James T. Patterson, Brown v. Board of Education:
A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled
Legacy
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 124.

7
. Rick Perlstein,
Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America
(New York: Scribner, 2008), 239.

8
. Otto Kerner,
Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1968).

9
. Patterson, Brown v. Board, 138–39.

10
. James Coleman,
Equality of Educational Opportunity
, (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1966).

11
. Davison M. Douglas,
Reading, Writing and Race: The Desegregation of the Charlotte Schools
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 125.

12
. Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 US 430 (1968).

13
. Douglas,
Reading
,
Writing and Race
, 128.

14
. Ibid.

15
. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.,
Robert Kennedy and His Times
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002), 778–800; Taylor Branch,
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988).

16
. Perlstein,
Nixonland
, 341–43, 431–35; Joseph Alsop, “Southern Strategy of Nixon Is Seen Likely to Succeed,”
Washington Post
, August 12, 1968; Matthew Lassiter,
The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).

17
. Philip E. Converse et al., “Stability and Change in 1960: A Reinstating Election,”
American Political Science Review
55, no. 2 (1961): 269–80; Mark Stern, “John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights: From Congress to the Presidency,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
19, no. 4 (1989): 797–823.

18
. Perlstein,
Nixonland
, 202, 237–41, 129, 350–51.

19
. Nixon in Charlotte: “School Integration in the Election,”
Chicago Tribune
, September 16, 1968.

20
. Details of
Swann
litigation: Douglas,
Reading, Writing and Race
, 107–29.

21
. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 US 1 (1971).

Chapter 11

1
. Peter Irons,
Jim Crow's Children: The Broken Promise of the
Brown
Decision
(New York: Penguin Books, 2002), 225.

2
. Mike McKinney, “Central High Must Be Desegregated, City Told by U.S.,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 18, 1969.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Charles Walden,
Southern Cities—Except Louisville—Desegregate Schools: A Report on Public Schools in Louisville, Kentucky and Major Southern Cities, 1968 and 1971
(Louisville: Commission on Human Rights, Commonwealth of Kentucky, May 1972),
http://www.eric.ed.gov/
.

5
. McKinney, “Central High.”

6
. Thelma Cayne Tilford-Weathers,
A History of Louisville Central High School, 1882–1982
(Louisville, KY: Central High School Alumni Association, 1982), 47.

7
. Edward Bennett, “City Schools May Get Desegregation Order,”
Louisville Times
, June 26, 1971.

8
. Rick Perlstein,
Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America
(New York: Scribner, 2008), 421, 459; Gary Orfield, “Congress, the President, and Anti-busing Legislation, 1966–1974,”
Journal of Law and Education
81 (1975).

9
. Tilford-Weathers,
A History of Louisville Central High School
, 47

10
. Ibid., 31–34.

11
. Tilford-Weathers,
A History of Louisville Central High School
, 33.

12
. McKinney, “Central High.”

13
. Tilford-Weathers,
A History of Louisville Central High School
, 47

14
. Orfield, “Congress,” 133.

15
. “Can New Plan for Central High Become Model for the Nation?”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 10, 1970.

16
. “A Chronology of Major Steps in Busing Case,”
Louisville Times
, June 17, 1978.

17
. “School Bias Suit Names Louisville,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 23, 1972.

18
. Judy Rosenfield, “Desegregation Suit: The Original 13,”
Louisville Times
, July 24, 1975.

19
. Linda Raymond, “U.S. Court Asked to Order City School Desegregation,”
Louisville-Times
, June 22, 1972.

20
. Mike McKinney, “City Schools Accept Bid to Talk County Merger,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 18, 1969.

21
. “The Busing Issue Boils Over,”
Time
, February 28, 1972.

22
. “Anti-busing Statement Triggers Congressional Criticism of Nixon,”
Baltimore African-American
, August 14, 1971.

23
. R. W. Apple, “Wallace Again Emerging as Key Campaign Figure,”
New York Times
, February 20, 1972; Martin Waldron, “Nixon Margin Big; Governor Captures 75 of 81 Delegates in Dramatic Victory,”
New York Times
, March 15, 1972.

24
. Roger Wilkins, “To Begin the Birth of a New Nation,”
Washington Post
, March 16, 1972.

25
. Herbert H. Denton, “Blacks Vote Against Busing,”
Washington Post
, March 13, 1972.

26
. Leonard Pardue, “Parents Oppose School Racial-Balance Plan,”
Louisville Times
, May 28, 1968.

27
. David Frum,
How We Got Here: The 70's—The Decade that Brought You Modern Life—For Better or Worse
(New York: Basic Books, 2000), 253.

28
. Jean Howerton, “Negro-Pupil Gains Since '56 Reported; Whites Also Up Since Integration,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 16, 1980.

29
. Johnson and Quay Glass, “Western Louisville: What Does It Think of Busing?”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 27, 1975.

30
. James Nolan, “School Desegregation Case Begins,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 2, 1972.

31
. Charles R. Babcock, “National Debate Begins on Court-Ordered Busing,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, October 29, 1975.

32
. Details of Judge James F. Gordon's life from interview with Ethel S. White, December 3, 1989, for the Jefferson County Oral History Project, stored in the University of Louisville Archives and Records Center; Jim Adams and Leslie Scanlon, “The Busing Judge: A Reminiscence,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, 1980.

33
. Linda Raymond, “School-desegregation Suits Are Dismissed,”
Louisville Times
, March 8, 1973.

34
. Richard Nixon, “Address to the Nation on Equal Educational Opportunities and School Busing,” March 16, 1972, American Presidency Project,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/
.

35
. Irons,
Jim Crow's Children
, 236–40; Gary Orfield and Susan Eaton, eds.,
Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of
Brown v. Board of Education (New York: New Press, 1996), 10–11.

36
. Gary Orfield, “Segregated Housing and School Resegregation,” in Orfield,
Dismantling Desegregation
, 315.