Empire of the Sikhs (42 page)

Suri, Lala Sohan Lal,
Umdat-Ut-Tawarikh,
Daftar III [1889], Parts 1-5, S. Chand and Co., New Delhi, 1961

Thackwell, Edward Joseph,
Narrative of the Second Sikh War in 1848-49
[1851], Nirmal Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1986

Thorburn, S.S.,
Musalmans and Money Lenders in the Punjab,
Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 1983

Thorburn, S.S.,
The Punjab in Peace and War
[1883], Panjab University (Languages Department), Chandigarh, 1989

Vigne, G.T.,
Travels in Kashmir: Ladak, Iskardo
[1842], 2 vols, Indus Publications, Karachi, 1987

Waheeduddin, Fakir Syed,
The Real Ranjit Singh,
Panjabi University, Patiala, 1965

DOCUMENTS ON THE PUNJAB, 1847-9

Press Lists of Old Records in the Punjab Secretariat:

Volume IX: Lahore Agency and Residency, 1846-47

Volume X: Correspondence of the Resident to the Governor-General, 1848-49

Volume XI: Board of Administrationnjab, 1849-53

Volume XII: Board of Administration, Punjab, 1849-53

Report on the Select Committees on Indian Territories, 1852

Report on the Select Committees on Indian Territories, Vol. X

General Report upon the Administration of the Punjab Proper, 1849-51

‘The Return of Ordnance', in
Despatches of Lord Hardinge, Lord Gough and Sir Harry Smith and Other Documents,
Oliver and Ackerman, London, 1846

BOOKS AND PAPERS ON SIKH NUMISMATICS

British Parliamentary Papers,
Accounts and Papers, Vol. XXXIX,
1865

British Parliamentary Papers,
Accounts and Papers, Vol. XLII,
1864

British Parliamentary Papers,
Accounts and Papers, Vol. XLIII,
1857-8

British Parliamentary Papers,
Accounts and Papers, Vol. XLV,
1856

British Parliamentary Papers,
Accounts and Papers, Vol. LXXI,
1870

British Parliamentary Papers,
Report Relating to a Gold Currency for India,
1865

British Parliamentary Papers,
Report of the Committee to Enquire into Indian Currency,
London, 1899

Herrli, Hans,
The Coins of the Sikhs,
Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 2004

Rai, Jyoti, ‘Unidentified Sikh Mints: Proof of the Existence of the Mint at Nimak',
Newsletter of the Oriental Numismatic Society
(United Kingdom), No. 143, 1995

Rai, Jyoti, ‘Rediscovering Sikh Mints: Peshawar, Dera, Rawalpindi',
Newsletter of the Oriental Numismatic Society
(United Kingdom), No. 146, 1995

Rodgers, C. J.,
Coins of Ahmad Shah Abdali,
Vol. LIV, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1885

Rodgers, C. J.,
On the Coins of the Sikhs,
Vol. L, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1881

Singh, Saran, ‘The First Coins of the Sikhs',
Newsletter of the Oriental Numismatic Society
(United Kingdom), No. 144, 1995

Thornton, Thomas,
The East India Calculator,
London, 1823

For consistency and to preserve the general usage in the text, names of non-European historical personages are all indexed by the first element.

Abbott, James, Captain,
255

Abdus Samad Khan, governor,
53

Abul Fazl,
122

Adams, Robert,
22–4

Adeena Beg Khan,
53

Adi Granth
see
Guru Granth Sahib

Afghan War (1839),
234–5

Afghans/Afghanistan

Anglo-Sikh invasion plans,
234–5

conflicts with Sikhs,
20
,
49–51
,
52–3
,
65–7
,
72–3
,
114–24

Ranjit Singh's dealings with,
88
,
111–24
,
130
,
183
,
205

Ahmad Khan (Chatha leader),
58

Ahmed Khan Chahanshibashi (Afghan general),
65
,
66–7

Ahmed Shah Abdali,
20
,
49–51
,
53
,
56–7
,
65
,
66
,
88
,
114
,
115
,
183

Ahmed Shah of Baltistan,
120

Ajit Singh (son of Guru Gobind Singh),
42

Akal Takht (‘Almighty's Throne' (seat of temporal power),
32
,
157
,
177

Akali sect

military activities,
81
,
102–3
,
115

sentencing of Ranjit Singh,
157
,
201–2

Akbar, Emperor,
27
,
30
,
122

Ala Singh, Raja of Patiala,
66

Ala-ud-din Khilji, Sultan,
114

Alberuni, A.D.,
121

Alexander I, Tsar,
103–4

Alexander the Great,
15
,
19–20
,
74
,
115
,
258

Ali Mardan Khan,
76

Aliwal, Battle of (28 January 1846),
244

Allard, Jean-François, General,
125
,
126–9
,
142
,
176–7
,
180

Amar Das, Guru,
25–7
,
73

Amar Singh ‘Darhiwala,'
174

‘Amazons' (female army unit),
143
,
158–60

Amirs (of Sind), relations with British,
138–9
,
146
,
149–50

amputation, as criminal punishment,
103
,
135

Amritsar
see
Golden Temple

Anandpur, fortress of,
35
,
84

assaults on,
37–8
,
41
,
43

siege/abandonment,
41–2

Angad, Guru,
25

Anglo-Sikh Wars
see
First Anglo-Sikh War; Second Anglo-Sikh War

Archer, W.G.,
174

Arjan Dev, Guru,
27–31
,
34
,
86
,
200–1

Army
see
British Empire; Sikh army

art, under Ranjit Singh's rule,
173–9

artillery, role in Sikh military strength,
102
,
128
,
241–2

Ashburnham, Brigadier,
246

Aso Sircar (wife of Ranjit Singh),
170

Ata Mohammed,
112

Attar Khan,
97

Attar Singh Sandhanwalia,
215

Attock, conflicts at/over,
112–13
,
115
,
148–9

Auckland, George Eden, 1st Earl, Governor-General,
150–1
,
160
,
164
,
178
,
198
,
221
,
229
,
234
,
236
,
258

Aurangzeb, Emperor,
34–6
,
37–8
,
41–3
,
52
,
87

Avitabile, Paolo di Batolomeo, General,
127–8
,
135

Azam, Prince (son of Aurangzeb),
43

Azim Khan, governor,
109
,
123

Aziz-ud-din (Azizud-din), Fakir,
86
,
133–4
,
175
,
198
,
199

Babur, Emperor,
114
,
121–2

Bahadur Shah (Muazzam), Emperor,
38
,
43
,
44
,
46
,
47

Bahlol Khan,
22
,
23

Bairagi, Madho Dass
see
Banda Singh Bahadur

Baksh, Imam,
85

Bala (follower of Nanak),
175
,
178

Banda Singh Bahadur (Madho Dass Bairagi),
45–6
,
53
,
56

coinage,
184–6
,
187

conversion,
43–4

death,
46
,
186
,
187

Barr, William, Lt,
176
,
182

Bashiran
see
Billo

Basti Ram, Treasurer,
134

Beli Ram, Treasurer,
134

Bentinck, Lady,
157–8
,
176

Bentinck, Lord William, Governor-General,
128
,
133
,
136
,
141
,
142–3
,
144–5
,
157–8
,
176
,
180
,
195

Bhangi
misl
,
63–4
,
73–4
,
76–7
,
169

coinage,
187–8

Bhawani Das,
131–2

Bhim Singh, governor,
190

Billo (Amazon favourite of Ranjit Singh),
160

Bolton, Brigadier,
241

Bonaparte, Napoleon
see
Napoleon I

Brij Raj Singh, Raja,
59

British Empire/Army

assumption of control of Sikh state,
249–51
,
252
,
253–4

expansionism,
15
,
98–9
,
138–9
,
140–1
,
146–8
,
227–8
,
260

financial profits/costs of war,
251
,
260–4

relations with Sikh state,
15
,
105–11
,
130
,
136
,
148–9
,
211–12
,
221–2
,
225
,
227–66

agreements
see
Indus Navigation Treaty; Sutlej Treaty

(alleged) complicity in

murder,
222–3
,
234

attempts to undermine government,
139–40
,
228–9

collection of military information,
145
,
168–9
,
235

military confrontations,
104–5
(
see also
First Anglo-Sikh War; Second Anglo-Sikh War)

negotiations over Sind,
145
,
146
,
149–52

Ropar meeting (October-November 1831),
141–5

superiority of resources,
140
,
147–8

unscrupulousness of tactics,
228–9
,
231–2
,
235
,
236–7
,
242–3
,
259–60

self-justificatory claims,
228–9
,
236–7
,
243–4
,
250
,
259–60

territorial limits,
97–8
,
104

Broadfoot, George, Major,
236–7
,
241

Brookes, Lt-Col.,
257

Budha Singh (Desu) (Ranjit Singh's great-great-grandfather),
56

Burma,
147

Burnes, Sir Alexander,
96
,
109
,
138–9
,
141

Bute Shah,
70

cabinet, composition of Ranjit Singh's,
17
;
and see
Sikh state: administration

Calvin, John,
22

capital punishment

absence from Sikh justice system,
135

threat of (military),
116

caste

significance in Sikh philosophy,
40

role in Indian society,
79–80

cavalry, role in Sikh military strength,
48–9
,
100–1
,
102–3

chadar dalna
(second-rank wives),
161
,
169

Chak Nanaki
see
Anandpur

Chand Kaur (Ranjit Singh's daughter-in-law),
163
,
191
,
213–17
,
218–19
,
223

Chanda Singh (Ranjit Singh's great-great-uncle),
56

Chandu Shah,
86

Charat Singh (Ranjit Singh's grandfather),
51
,
56–7
,
118

Chattar Singh Attariwala, Sardar,
255
,
259

Chet Singh,
211
,
234

Chet Singh, Sardar,
74
,
76

Chhajju (artist),
176

Chillianwala, Battle of (13 January 1849),
257–8

China, relations with Britain,
147

Christianity

Dalip Singh's conversion to,
253

Ranjit Singh's attitude to,
87–9

cis-Sutlej territories,
105–9
,
136
,
197

Clerk, George Russel,
221
,
222
,
234–5

Codrington, Oliver,
192

coinage,
184–94

emblems,
18
,
186–7
,
189–91
,
192

gold,
191–2

inscriptions,
185–6
,
187
,
189

level of artistry,
189–90

mints,
190

political/cultural significance,
51
,
184–5
,
186

replacement by British,
193–4

Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquess, Governor-General,
99

Court, Charles-Auguste, General,
127
,
128
,
142

Cunningham, J.D.,
128–9
,
154–5
,
168–9
,
201
,
231–2
,
237
,
239
,
248–50

Cureton, Brigadier,
257

Currie, Sir Frederick,
254

Dal Singh (Ranjit Singh's great-uncle),
69

Dalhousie, James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess, Governor-General,
170–1
,
251–2
,
253
,
255–6
,
258–9