Escape From Davao (68 page)

Release Dyess-McCoy Stories, January 21, 1944, NARA, RG 216, Office of Censorship—Press File, Day File, January 1944, Box 1416.

316
Elmer Davis, addressing the external factors:
MEMORANDUM, January 22, 1944, NARA, RG 208, Box 2.

317
Perhaps Leo Boelens:
Boelens,
Diary
, 64–65; My name is WENCESLAO DEL MUNDO

(Sgt., USFIP), 26 Jan 44, MacArthur Memorial and Archives, Norfolk, VA, RG 16,

“Checksheets forwarding documents, May 1942–June 1944,” Box 6, Folder 7.

21. CONDITIONAL VICTORY

PAGE

319
“Our faith is in the blood”:
Lee, “Prison Camp Reverie (Three Years from Home),”
Nothing
but Praise
, 45.

319
After months of interminable:
JOINT ARMY-NAVY RELEASE, January 28, 1944, Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington, D.C., 1–11.

319
Later that morning:
Transcript of telephone conversation between General Strong and General Surles, RE: REACTION ON ATROCITY STORY, January 28, 1944, NARA, RG 107, Box 1–4.

319
It would not take that long:
Associated Press, in
New York Times
, January 28, 1944.

320
“To my commanding officers”: Chicago Tribune
, January 30, 1944;
Newsweek
, February 7, 1944.

320
Washington was the epicenter: New York Times
, January 28, 1944;
Fort Worth Star-Telegram,
February 5, 1944.

320
The most vociferous reaction: Fort Worth Star-Telegram
, January 30, 1944;
New York
Times
, January 29, 1944;
New York Herald Tribune
, January 31, 1944.

321
At the Brooklyn Navy Yard:
Associated Press, January 30, 1944.

322
Herby Funston:
Bland and Stevens, eds.,
The Papers of George Catlett Marshall
, 261.

322
Security was added:
United Press International, January 30, 1944; Associated Press, January 31, 1944.

322
The news quickly went global: Chicago Tribune,
February 2, 1944; United Press International, January 29, 1944;
New York Times
, January 29, January 30, 1944.

323
Americans, riveted to and revolted by: Life,
February 7, 1944.

323
The indignation was not limited:
United Press International, January 30, 1944.

323
President Roosevelt said: The Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D.

Roosevelt
(New York: Da Capo, 1972), 11–12.

324
The War Finance Committee:
Letter from Palmer Hoyt to Steve Monchak (news editor of
Editor & Publisher
), date unknown, Hoyt Papers, Denver Public Library, WH 1226, Box 2.

324
Soviet successes on the Eastern Front:
Letter from Elmer Davis to Admiral Wil iam D. Leahy, December 24, 1943, NARA, RG 208, Box 2, 1–3.

324
Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau’s men:
John Morton Blum,
V Was for Victory:
Politics and American Culture During World War II
(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 20.

325
Across the country, War Bond sales: New York Times,
January 29, January 30, 1944; (Nashvil e)
Tennessean
, January 30, 1944;
Fort Worth Star-Telegram
, February 3, 1944.

326
The biggest celebrity presence: New York Herald Tribune
, January 31, 1944.

327
Some saw through: Fort Worth Star-Telegram
, February 1, 1944, February 10, 1944; (Nashvil e)
Tennessean
, February 4, 1944.

327
The U.S. State Department: New York Times
, January 29, 1944.

327
On the 10th of February: Fort Worth Star-Telegram
, February 1, 1944;
New York Times
, January 30, 1944.

328
The president had added: New York Times
, January 30, 1944; (Nashvil e)
Tennessean
, February 2, 1944;
Fort Worth Star-Telegram
, January 30, 1944.

329
“You can answer every sleazy”:
(Nashvil e)
Tennessean
, February 4, 1944.

329
U.S. military personnel in the Pacific: Newsweek
, February 7, 1944;
New York Times
, January 30, 1944.

330
Though there would be instances: New York Times,
January 30, 1944; Falk,
Bataan
, 210–211.

330
Even as late as December 1945: Fortune
, December 1945.

331
It was no surprise then:
Robert H. Ferrel ,
Off the Record: The Personal Papers of Harry
S. Truman
(New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 55.

331
After hearing news:
Breuer,
The Air-Raid Warden Was a Spy
, 207.

331
Perhaps the most important consequence:
(Nashvil e)
Tennessean
, February 1, 1944;
Chicago Tribune
, January 29, 1944;
Fort Worth Star-Telegram
, February 2, 1944.

332
We’ve got to have the nature:
Palmer Hoyt, “What the Public Must Be Told,”
The
American
, February 1944.

333
“Let us face the facts”: Philippines Mail
, February 25, 1944;
Newsweek
, February 7, 1944; 333
Good news or bad: Editor and Publisher
, February 1944; Palmer Hoyt, “What the Public Must Be Told,”
The American
, February 1944.

333
Instead, thanks to the Dapecol escapees:
Letter from Palmer Hoyt to Wilbur Forrest (associate editor,
New York Herald Tribune
), February 19, 1944, Hoyt Papers, Denver Public Library, WH 1226, Box 2.

333
In the war-torn Pacific:
Letter from Carl Mydans, “I Know of Nothing Out Here That Has Done More Good,”
Life
, January 8, 1945.

334
“with more loose pages”:
Haggerty,
Guerrilla Padre in Mindanao,
113; Mydans, “I know of nothing.”

334
And what of those fighting: New York Times
, January 30, 1944.

335
“Be of good cheer:”
Copy of Commander McCoy’s message to prisoners, U.S. Naval Academy Special Col ections Library, Annapolis, MD.

335
Feeling the weight of world opinion:
Kerr,
Surrender and Survival
, 163–64.

337
“We’ll have our small”:
Lee, “ ‘Group Four, November 11, 1943 (Cabanatuan Camp Cemetery),”
Nothing but Praise
, 32.

337
The release of the atrocities story:
Jack Hawkins, author’s interview.

337
Sam Grashio had been:
Grashio,
Return to Freedom
, 184–90; e-mail correspondence from Jeff Davis to the author, September 26, 2005; Devonia Grashio, author’s interview.

339
In early 1944, the Marines discovered:
Austin Shofner, Smal wood interview; Jack Hawkins, author’s interview; Paul Marshal , author’s interview; Obituary of Melvyn H. McCoy,
San Diego Union-Tribune
, January 19, 1989.

341
When the battle entered: Honolulu Star-Bulletin
, January 12, 1944;
Brainerd Daily
Dispatch
(Minnesota), August 10, 1997; Stewart Shofner, author’s interview;
New York Times
, November 17, 1999.

342
“When we escaped”:
Paul Marshal , author’s interview; Robert Spielman, author’s interview; Robert Spielman, Smal wood interview.

342
In late 1943 and early 1944:
Mel nik,
Philippine Diary
, 283–90; Rosenquist Diary #3, Fertig Papers, Mac, RG 83, Box 9, Folder 32; Jack Donohoe, author’s interview; Gregory Michno,
Death on the Hellships: Prisoners at Sea in the Pacific War
(Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2001), 173–76, 225–31; Clyde Childress, author’s interview; Paul Marshal , author’s interview; Paul Marshal , Smal wood interview; Robert Spielman, Smal wood interview; Peter Parsons, author’s interview. Parsons believed that, if estimates were reasonably accurate, Laureta’s forces possessed only about 200 rifles, meaning that only one-fifth of his force would be armed.

346
For Melvyn McCoy and Steve Mellnik:
Mel nik,
Philippine Diary
, 302–12; McCoy biography, 2–3;
Indianapolis Times,
February 1, 1944; Winsor Soule, author’s interview; Julie Witkoff, author’s interview.

347
Okinawa would be Jack Hawkins’s last shot:
Jack Hawkins, author’s interview.

348
“If Ed was watching”:
Grashio,
Return to Freedom
, 184.

348
Thanks to the efforts:
“Individual Deceased Personal File, Leo Boelens,” National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri.

349
The remaining Dapecol POWs:
Bert Bank, author’s interview.

349
Juan Acenas:
Ernesto Corcino, author’s interview.

349
After attending the July 4, 1946, ceremonies:
Mel nik,
Philippine Diary
, 316.

349
Perhaps the most capable:
Dee Childress, author’s interview.

349
Casiano de Juan:
Ernesto Corcino, author’s interview.

349
For the remainder of the war:
Mercedes Brolagda, author’s interview; miscel aneous e-mail correspondence between Mercedes Broladga and the author, 2004–2006.

350
With the passage of:
Obituary of Magdaleno Dueñas,
San Francisco Chronicle
, March 6, 2005.

350
By all accounts, Victorio Jumarong:
Ernesto Corcino, author’s interview.

350
Colonel Ernest McClish:
Clyde Childress, author’s interview.

350
After retiring from the Navy Reserve:
Peter Parsons, author’s interview; miscel aneous e-mail correspondence between Peter Parsons and the author, 2004–2009.

351
International Military Tribunal:
“Record of Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, 1946–1948;” 1145–1211; sides,
Ghost Soldier,
333–34; Judgment IMFTE, Part 3, Chapter VII, The Pacific War, 1940–1948. Supreme Commander for Al ied Powers, MAC, RG 331, Box 1333;
American Heritage
, February/March 2007.

353
Unlike Camp O’Donnell or Cabanatuan:
E-mail correspondence from Duane Heisinger to the author, June 12, 2004; Dapecol camp roster (as of April 15, 1944), NARA, RG 407, Box 95; Pablo Asuncion, author’s interview.

Bibliography

INTERVIEWS BY AUTHOR

Malcolm Amos

Eduardo Gardé

Pablo Asuncion

Devonia Grashio and Samuel E. Grashio

Bert Bank

Jack Hawkins

Thelma Basham

Louis Jurika

Anton Bilek

Thelma Kost

Mercedes Brolagda

James Litton

Ramon Buhay

Paul Marshal

Gerald Chapman

Joe Moore

Clyde Childress

Carl Nordin

Dee Childress

Robin Olds

Fé Campo

John Olson

Dr. Robert Conte

Peter Parsons

Carrol H. Cook

Walt Regehr

Ernesto Corcino

Stewart Shofner

John Cowgil

Winsor Soule

Jonathan Davis

Lucy Spielman

Elizabeth Nel Denman Robert Spielman

Lois Dobervich

Mario Tonel i

Robert Dobervich

Jose Tuvil a

I. B. “Jack” Donalson

Edgar Whitcomb

Jack Donohoe

Julie Witkoff

Magdaleno Dueñas

Fely Yap

Dick Francies

INTERVIEWS BY BILL SMALLWOOD

Paul Marshal Robert Spielman

Austin Shofner

UNPUBLISHED SOURCES

Boelens, Leo. “Diary.” Courtesy of Thelma Kost.

Burns, John. Diary. Burns family papers.

Dobervich, Michiel. DESCRIPTION OF LIFE IN JAPANESE PRISON CAMPS, ENCLOSURE

“A.” Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington, D.C., 2.

Dyess, Wil iam. EXPERIENCES and OBSERVATIONS as a P.O.W. in the P.I., Sworn statement of Major Wil iam E. Dyess. August 16, 1943. Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwel Air Force Base, AL.

Grashio, Samuel. EXPERIENCES OF 1st LT. SAMUEL C. GRASHIO WHILE A PRISONER

OF WAR OF THE JAPANESE FROM APRIL 9, 1942, to APRIL 4, 1943, October 26, 1943.

MacArthur Memorial and Archives, Norfolk, VA, 14.

Hawkins, Jack. Film treatment, 1944. Personal Papers of Austin C. Shofner.

McCoy, Melvyn H. ESCAPE OF LT. COMDR. MELVYN H. MCCOY, USN FROM A JAPANESE PRISON CAMP IN THE PHILIPPINES. Personal Papers of Melvyn H. McCoy.

McCoy, Melvyn. “Yankee Guerril as,” 1945. Personal Papers of Melvyn H. McCoy.

Mel nik, Stephen. EXPERIENCES OF MAJOR S.M. MELLNIK FROM THE FALL OF

CORREGIDOR, MAY 6, 1942 TO ESCAPE FROM A JAPANESE PRISON CAMP, APRIL 4, 1943. Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

Shofner, Austin. “Diary: 1941–1943.” Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashvil e, TN.

Shofner, Austin. “Guerril a Diary,” 1944. Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashvil e, TN.

Shofner, Austin. RECORD OF EVENTS AS A JAPANESE PRISONER OF WAR: 6 May, 1942

to 4 April, 1943, ENCLOSURE “A,” Enclosure “B.” Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington, D.C.

ORAL HISTORY TRANSCRIPTS

Mel nik, Stephen. Conducted at Fort Bliss, TX, December 13, 1983, by Charles E. Kirkpatrick.

Parsons, Charles “Chick.” The United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, MD.

LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL SOURCES

Denver Public Library, Denver, CO

Duke University Library, Special Col ections, Durham, NC

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

MacArthur Memorial and Archives, Norfolk, VA

Marine Corps Historical Center, Quantico, VA