Europe's Last Summer (43 page)

The Royal Government further undertake:—

To introduce at the first regular convocation of the Skuptchina a provision into the press law providing for the most severe punishment of incitement to hatred or contempt of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and for taking action against any publication the general tendency of which is directed against the territorial integrity of Austria-Hungary. The Government engage at the approaching revision of the Constitution to cause an amendment to be introduced into article 22 of the Constitution of such a nature that such publication may be confiscated, a proceeding at present impossible under the categorical terms of article 22 of the Constitution.

The Government possess no proof, nor does the note of the Imperial and Royal Government furnish them with any, that the "Narodna Odbrana" and other similar societies have committed up to the present any criminal act of this nature through the proceedings of any of their members. Nevertheless, the Royal Government will accept the demand of the Imperial and Royal Government, and will dissolve the "Narodna Odbrana" Society and every other society which may be directing its efforts against Austria-Hungary.

The Royal Serbian Government undertake to remove without delay from their public educational establishments in Serbia all that serves or could serve to foment propaganda against Austria-Hungary, whenever the Imperial and Royal Government furnish them with facts and proofs of this propaganda.

The Royal Government also agree to remove from military service all such persons as the judicial enquiry may have proved to be guilty of acts directed against the integrity of the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and they expect the Imperial and Royal Government to communicate to them at a later date the names and the acts of these officers and officials for the purposes of the proceedings which are to be taken against them.

The Royal Government must confess that they do not clearly grasp the meaning or the scope of the demand made by the Imperial and Royal Government that Serbia shall undertake to accept the collaboration of the organs of the Imperial and Royal Government upon their territory, but they declare that they will admit such collaboration as agrees with the principle of international law, with criminal procedure, and with good neighbourly relations.

It goes without saying that the Royal Government consider it their duty to open an enquiry against all such persons as are, or eventually may be, implicated in the plot of the 15
^th
June, and who happen to be within the territory of the kingdom. As regards the participation in this enquiry of Austro-Hungarian agents or authorities appointed for this purpose by the Imperial and Royal Government, the Royal Government cannot accept such an arrangement, as it would be a violation of the Constitution and of the law of criminal procedure; nevertheless, in concrete cases communications as to the results of the investigation in question might be given to the Austro-Hungarian agents.

The Royal Government proceeded, on the very evening of the delivery of this note, to arrest Commander Voislav Tankossitch. As regards Milan Ziganovitch, who is a subject of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and who up to the 15
^th
June was employed (on probation) by the directorate of railways, it has not yet been possible to arrest him.

The Austro-Hungarian Government are requested to be so good as to supply as soon as possible, in the customary form, the presumptive evidence of guilt, as well as the eventual proofs of guilt which have been collected up to the present, at the enquiry at Serajevo for the purposes of the later enquiry.

The Serbian Government will reinforce and extend the measures which have been taken for preventing the illicit traffic of arms and explosives across the frontier. It goes without saying that they will immediately order an enquiry and will severely punish the frontier officials on the Schabatz-Loznitza line who have failed in their duty and allowed the authors of the crime of Serajevo to pass.

The Royal Government will gladly give explanations of the remarks made by their officials whether in Serbia or abroad, in interviews after the crime which according to the statement of the Imperial and Royal Government were hostile toward the Monarchy, as soon as the Imperial and Royal Government have communicated to them the passages in question in these remarks, and as soon as they have shown that the remarks were actually made by the said officials, although the Royal Government will itself take steps to collect evidence and proofs.

The Royal Government will inform the Imperial and Royal Government of the execution of the measures comprised under the above heads, in so far as this has not already been done by the present note, as soon as each measure has been ordered and carried out.

If the Imperial and Royal Government are not satisfied with this reply, the Serbian Government, considering that it is not to the common interest to precipitate the solution of this question, are ready, as always, to accept a pacific understanding, either by referring this question to the decision of the International Tribunal or The Hague, or to the Great Powers which took part in the drawing up of the declaration made by the Serbian Government on the 18
^th
(31
^st
) March, 1909.

Belgrade, July 12 (25), 1914

WHO WAS WHO

Some of Europe's Officials in 1914

ALEXANDER
, Crown Prince Serbia: Regent

ASQUITH
, Herbert Britain: Prime Minister

BENCKENDORFF
, Count Alexander Russia: ambassador in London

BERCHTOLD
, Count Leopold von Austria-Hungary: foreign minister

BERTIE
, Sir Francis Britain: ambassador in Paris

BETHMANN HOLLWEG
,

Theobald von Germany: Imperial Chancellor (prime minister)

BIENVENUE-MARTIN
, Jean-Baptiste France: minister of justice

BUCHANAN
, Sir George Britain: ambassador in St. Petersburg

CAMBON
, Jules France: ambassador in Berlin

CAMBON
, Paul France: ambassador in London

CHURCHILL
, Winston S. Britain: First Lord of the Admiralty

CONRAD VON HÖTZENDORF
, Field

Marshal Franz Austria-Hungary: army chief of staff

CROWE
, Sir Eyre Britain: Foreign Office official

FALKENHAYN
, General Erich von Germany: minister of war

FLOTOW
, Ludwig von Germany: ambassador in Rome

FORGACH
, Count Johann Austria-Hungary: foreign ministry official

FRANZ FERDINAND
, Archduke Austria-Hungary: heir apparent

FEANZ JOSEPH
, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary: monarch

GEORGE
v, King-Emperor Britain: monarch

GIESL VON GIESLINGEN
, Baron Austria-Hungary: minister in Belgrade

GOSCHEN
, Sir Edward Britain: ambassador in Berlin

GREY
, Sir Edward Britain: foreign secretary

HARTWIG
, Nicolai de Russia: minister in Belgrade

HOYOS
, Count Alexander Austria-Hungary: foreign ministry chief of staff

IZVOLSKY
, Alexander Russia: ambassador in Paris (ex-foreign minister)

JAGOW
, Gottlieb von Germany: foreign minister

LICHNOWSKY
, Prince Karl von Germany: ambassador in London

LLOYD GEORGE
, David Britain: Chancellor of the Exchequer

LYNCHER
, General Moritz von Germany: chief of the Military Cabinet

MACCHIO
, Baron Karl von Austria-Hungary: foreign ministry official

MATSCHEKO
, Franz von Austria-Hungary: foreign ministry official

MOLTKE
, General Helmuth von Germany: army chief of staff

MÜLLER
, Admiral Alexander von Germany: naval aide to Kaiser

NICHOLAS II
, Czar Russia: monarch

NICOLSON
, Sir Arthur Britain: head of Foreign Office

PAÉEOLOGUE
, Maurice France: ambassador in St. Petersburg

PASIC
, Nicola Serbia: Prime Minister

POINCARÉ
, Raymond France: President

POTIOREK
, General Oskar Austria-Hungary: governor-general of Bosnia-Herzegovina

POURTALÈS
, Count Friedrich von Germany: ambassador in St. Petersburg

RUMBOLD
, Sir Horace Britain: embassy official in Berlin

SAN GIULIANO
, Marchese Antonio di Italy: foreign minister

SAZONOV
, Sergei Russia: foreign minister

SCHEBEKO
, Nikolai Russia: ambassador in Vienna

SCHOEN
, Wilhelmvon Germany: ambassador in Paris

STUMM
, Wilhelm von Germany: foreign ministry official

STÜRGKH
, Karl Austria: Prime Minister

SVERBEJEV
, Sergei Russia: ambassador in Berlin

SZAPARY VON SZAPAR
, Count

Friedrich Austria-Hungary: ambassador in St. Petersburg

SZöGYÉNI -MARICH
, Count Ladislaus Austria-Hungary: ambassador in Berlin

TIRPITZ
, Admiral Alfred von Germany: naval minister

TISZA
, Count Isrván Hungary: Prime Minister

TSCHIRSCHKY
, Count Heinrich von Germany: ambassador in Vienna

VIVIANI
, René France: Prime Minister and foreign minister

WILHELM II
, Kaiser Germany: monarch

ZIMMERMANN
, Arthur Germany: deputy foreign minister

NOTES

PROLOGUE

3 United Airlines Flight 826: based on newspaper accounts at the time.

5 mobilized about 65 million troops: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.vv. "World Wars"

80 percent of all males: Winter, Parker, and Habeck 2000:2

20 million . . . perished: Herwig 1997:1

21 million were wounded: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.vv. "World Wars"

20 million people died in the influenza pandemic: McNeill 1976:255 "the greatest tragedy": quoted in The Economist, Dec. 31, 1999, p. 30.

6 Kennan wrote: Kennan 1979:3

Stern . . . writes: Stern 1999:200

in Winston Churchill's words: Gilbert 1975:355

7 As George Kennan observes: Kennan 1951:51

" 'post–Cold War era' ". . . " 'post–World War I' era": Miller, Lynn-Jones, and Evera 1991:xi

8 "the war was many things": Lafore 1971:17

12 English observer: Lord Bryce, quoted in Fromkin 1995:58

13 "more summery": Zweig 1943:214

"a sensible, law-abiding Englishman": Taylor 1965:1

13 André Siegfried: Braudel 1979:104

John Maynard Keynes: Keynes 1920:11–12

"much of the final quarter": Micklethwait and Wooldridge 2ooo:xviii

"such as I suppose": Kennan 1951:9

14 "Age of Security": Zweig 1943:1

"There is no doubt": Keiger 1983:133

"exceptional calm": Ibid.

CHAPTER 3: NATIONS QUARREL

27 "The Press is awful": McLean 2001:98

CHAPTER 4: COUNTRIES ARM

28 "energy like that of the Cross": Adams 1918:383

29 "The plunge of civilization": Fussell 1975:8

31 Edward Grey claimed: Stevenson 1996:1

"All sides are preparing": Ibid.:203

32 "Slav East": Gunther E. Rothenberg, "Moltke, Schlieffen, and the Doctrine of Strategic Envelopment," Paret 1986:306

35 "never achieved the final, perfected form": Daniel Moran, "Alfred von Schlief-fen," Cowley and Parker 1996:415

37 "the Kaiser's friend . . . a tall dashing military figure": Mombauer 2001:55

"the same lottery": Ibid.:54, 56

"his constant companion": Ibid.:51

CHAPTER 5: ZARATHUSTRA PROPHESIES

40 "Men's minds seem to have been on edge": Taylor 1956:121